Limits of the Federal Wiretap Act\u27s Ability to Protect against Wi-Fi Sniffing

Adoption of Wi-Fi wireless technology continues to see explosive growth. However many users still operate their home Wi-Fi networks in unsecured mode or use publicly available unsecured Wi-Fi networks, thus exposing their communications to the dangers of packet sniffing, a technique used for eavesdropping on a network. Some have argued that communications over unsecured Wi-Fi networks are readily accessible to the general public and that such communications are therefore excluded from the broad protections of the Federal Wiretap Act against intentional interception of electronic communications. This Note examines the Federal Wiretap Act and argues that the current Act\u27s treatment of Wi-Fi sniffing might protect unsecured Wi-Fi communications under some circumstances, but that any such protections are incidental, unsystematic, and uncertain. This Note further argues that the current statute\u27s readily accessible to the general public language should be interpreted in a way that addresses concerns about Wi-Fi sniffing and users\u27 expectations of privacy. Users\u27 current expectations stem from their limited understanding of the underlying Wi-Fi technology and the accompanying security risks and, more importantly, from the fact that private communications cannot be intercepted without specialized tools and knowledge not readily available to the general public. Finally, this Note advocates for amending the Federal Wiretap Act to remove uncertainty regarding protections against Wi-Fi sniffing. Clear protections against Wi-Fi sniffing would avoid the private and social cost of data theft resulting from sniffing and could close the gap between users\u27 theoretical ability to protect themselves by using security mechanisms and their reduced practical ability to take any such protective measures

Abnormal uterine bleeding in women of peri-menopausal age: a retrospective study

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a phenomenon which refers to menstrual bleeding of abnormal frequency, duration or quantity. It is a common gynaecological complaint caused by wide variety of organic or non-organic causes. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of abnormal uterine bleeding with respect to aetiopathology, demographic variables, treatment options and other medical disorders.Methods: A retrospective study of randomly selected 200 cases of abnormal uterine bleeding between 40–55 years of age during January 2018 to January 2019, in the Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, in a tertiary care hospital. Demographic details of each patient were recorded and analysed. Patients were evaluated with menstrual history, physical examination, laboratory tests and histological examinations. Patients were followed up from 3 to 8 months.Results: Most common age group presenting with AUB was 40–45 years (65.55%) and mostly (68.33%) belonged to low socioeconomic status. Most of the women were multiparous and menorrhagia was most common presentation. In 60% cases, cause was non-organic (dysfunctional uterine bleeding) and among organic causes fibroid (21%) uterus was most common. Maximum number of patients (75%) was treated surgically and 20% got medical treatment.Conclusions: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common gynaecological manifestation allied with considerable morbidity and significantly affects the patient's family, personal and social life. Perimenopausal women’s health and quality of life can be maintained and improved through preventive care, life style modification, early diagnosis of risk factor and appropriate treatment

India-EU Engagement and International Migration: Challenges and policy imperatives

CARIM-India: Developing a knowledge base for policymaking on India-EU migrationIn the absence of a multilateral framework and a rule based global structure for the governance of international migration of people in all its complexities, countries engage in bilateral or regional cooperation in an attempt to engage and harmonize international movements and strive for a win-win situation. India and the EU are major trading partners and are engaged in a strategic Joint Action Plan with annual summit level talks; both sides are on the cusp of a new beginning through the soon to be concluded Free Trade Agreement (FTA). India-EU engagements, while underlining the importance of engagement on movement of people, have not clearly spelt out, as of yet, any roadmap for facilitation and enhancement of movement of people between the regions. The current paper examines if, and how, the bilateral relationship or engagement between India and the EU over the years has influenced international migration flows between the two sides and what potential challenges and policy options they face for a successful engagement and facilitation of movement of people. The paper suggests that given India’s strategic position as a major country of origin for skilled and semi-skilled migrant workers, coupled with foreseeable requirements in the EU domestic markets. There is need for a closer examination of policy initiatives to embrace bilateral flows and make the exercise beneficial for both partners. The International migration flows between India and Europe in the past had always depended on the quality and strength of engagement between the countries and regions. Currently, the EU however has a low profile in India in terms of its ability to attract the best of the talent compared to competitors such as the US and Canada. Therefore, the main challenge is to enhance the EU’s presence in India through greater participation, outreach and building of networks among academia, think tanks and the media. Student mobility need to be increased in all important sectors such as IT, healthcare, science and technology, research and development so as to help create advocacy groups and to enable a greater synergy of talent between India and the EU and enhance future cooperation, partnership and development. Easing of immigration policies for selective sectors of employment and education which are of strategic concern is also important. This will require measures for mutual recognition of degrees and skills, and a minimal window for long-term immigration and integration of third country migrant professionals and workers.CARIM-India is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union

The Study and Efficacy of Conventional Machine Learning Strategies for Predicting Cardiovascular Disease

Regarding medical science, cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death. Testing patient samples for cardiac disease can save lives and lower mortality rates. During a subsequent visit, the right remedies should be outlined and prescribed. One of the most important factors in preemptive cardiac disease diagnosis is accuracy. Based on this factor, many research approaches were examined and compared. According to the analysis of these approaches, new procedures appear to be more advanced and reliable in detecting cardiac illness. A notation of the methods and their underlying themes and precision levels will be discussed. This paper surveys many models that use these methods and methodologies and evaluates their performance. Models created utilizing supervised learning methods, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Decision Trees (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Logistic Regression Units, are highly valued by researchers. For benchmark datasets like the Cleveland or Kaggle, the methodologies are derived from data mining, machine learning, deep learning, and other related techniques and technologies. The accuracy of the provided methods is graphically demonstrated

Studies on the physical properties and reduction-swelling behavior of fired hematite iron ore pellets

In view of generation of huge amount of iron ore and coal fines there is a need to develop a technique to utilize these fines. The present project work has been undertaken to study reduction and swelling characteristics of hematite iron ore pellets made from iron ore fines under different conditions. The physical properties of fired iron ore pellets were studied. The compressive strength and drop number of fired pellets increased with the increase of firing temperature due to the enhancement in the extent of sintering and consolidation of iron ore fines. The main objectives of the present work have been to study the effects of (i) Firing temperature (ii) Reduction temperature and time (iii) Addition of concentrated sugarcane juice on the reduction and swelling behaviours of fired iron ore pellets. The results indicated a decrease in the extent of reduction with increase of firing temperature. The reduction rate of fired iron pellets were found to increase with rise of reduction temperature from (850°C-1000°C). The degree of reduction of fired pellet increased with increase of reduction time, the rate being faster in the initial 20-30 minutes followed by a decrease thereafter. Extent of swelling in fired sakaruddin hematite iron ore pellets, in general, was found to be highest in the pellets reduced at 900°C followed by 950-1000°C. Reduction at a temperature of 850°C, in general, gave lowest degree of swelling in the reduced pellets. The highest degree of swelling at a reduction temperature of 900°C appears to be due to fibrous growth of iron in the reduced pellets. Slightly lower values swelling in the fired iron ore pellets reduced at 950°C and 1000°C appear to be due to sintering of iron particles in the pellets, as indicated by their SEM micrographs. Effect of reduction time in the range studied on the extent of swelling was not found to be distinguishable. The Indian coal gave higher rate of reduction than Australian, Indonesian and South African coals because of highest CO2 reactivity of Indian coal

Numerical, Analytical and Experimental Analysis of Combined Extrusion Forging Processes Applied to Collet Chuck Holders

The material flow in the combined extrusion/forging process is an important phenomenon which controls the mechanical and metallurgical properties of any manufactured component. Collet chuck holder is a tool holding device used in different types of CNC milling machines. The chuck holder is described by a flange at the middle to fit into the machine, taper portion which is conical shaped area present at the bottom which enters the spindle for changing holder and collet pocket which fits the collet for holding the cutting tool. For manufacturing the tool holder an enormous amount of material is being wasted by the machining process which is almost equal to the volume of the product. Some manufacturer use casting, subsequently by machining to get the final shape. Both the used processes have their limitations as discussed earlier. To secure our material resources and to get better mechanical properties it is proposed to adopt the combined extrusion/forging and/or multi-stage processes for the production of different types of collet chuck holders. In general, it is found challenging to predict the metal flow by 3D combined extrusion/forging process of complicated sections, collet chuck holder in particular, due to its complexity nature of analysis. From experiments it is observed that the complete process to get the first three components can be assumed to compose of four stages and fourth one of two stages with regard to forward/backward extrusion, forging, die corner filling, and flash formation. The mechanical, microscopic, micro hardness and residual stress analyses are performed for all the four components manufactured under different frictional conditions and ram velocities. The results confirm the advantage of the proposed processes to manufacture collet chuck holder. In the present investigation, upper bound method is used to analyze the combined extrusion/forging process of different types of collet chuck holders. A set of kinematically admissible velocity field is proposed to predict the metal flow pattern and the forging load. This work also employed 3D finite element formulation to simulate the combined extrusion/forging process for axisymmetric collet chuck holders. The forming loads obtained by proposed upper bound technique is in good agreement with the numerical and experimental results and lies in the range of 0-15%, 5-20%, 0-15% and 12-20% for first, second, third and fourth products respectively. Experimental observations indicate that the collet chuck holder can be effectively manufactured by metal forming route of combined and/or multi-stage extrusion/forging to get its inherent advantages instead of following the present practice of machining and/or casting. The estimated loads obtained using proposed kinematically admissible velocity fields effectively take care of work hardening, friction effects and redundant work and are remain within engineering accuracy when compared with that obtained from FEA and experiments. The results confirm the suitability of the proposed techniques (FEA and upper bound) for the prediction of load in combined extrusion-forging processes studied in the present work applied to collet chuck holder

Quality Assurance through Process Improvement - A Concise Review

The past two decades has seen the realization of the manufacturing firms towards quality consciousness. The various firms worldwide employed the statistical tools for minimizing the deviations and subsequently the number of rejects of the manufactured parts. In this process, more prominence is laid on prevention of defects rather than detecting and rejecting the defect in the usual traditional end inspection quality check. This review paper witnesses the procedures involved in the improvement of the manufacturing process capability and focuses on achieving quality assurance through sustained improvement in the manufacturing process. The different methodologies for sustained improvement in manufacturing process across varied industrial sectors, are identified, discussed and presented. The nuances of enhanced product quality levels through process capability improvement work performed in varied areas of industrial manufacturing are also captured

GRNN-Immune Based Strategy for Estimating and Optimizing the Vibratory Assisted Welding Parameters to Produce Quality Welded Joints

Welding is the process of producing permanent joints with the application of pressure and/or heat energy. During welding operation, weldments may be subjected to uneven thermal stresses. These stresses influence the metallurgical structure of the component. Due to this, the strength of the weld joint is reduced. Therefore, vibratory weld treatment during welding has been proposed in the present work to enhance the flexural and impact strength of weldments. However, it is found that the mechanical properties have shown nonlinear behavior with the chosen input parameters. Hence, an efficient Neural Network (NN) based prediction tool is developed to approximate the mechanical properties of weldments without performing the experiments, output values can be predicted for the given input values. Further, an immune based strategy is integrated to the developed prediction tool in order to obtain desired quality welded joints.Welding is the process of producing permanent joints with the application of pressure and/or heat energy. During welding operation, weldments may be subjected to uneven thermal stresses. These stresses influence the metallurgical structure of the component. Due to this, the strength of the weld joint is reduced. Therefore, vibratory weld treatment during welding has been proposed in the present work to enhance the flexural and impact strength of weldments. However, it is found that the mechanical properties have shown nonlinear behavior with the chosen input parameters. Hence, an efficient Neural Network (NN) based prediction tool is developed to approximate the mechanical properties of weldments without performing the experiments, output values can be predicted for the given input values. Further, an immune based strategy is integrated to the developed prediction tool in order to obtain desired quality welded joints