78 research outputs found
The application of an assisting gas plasma generator for low-temperature magnetron sputtering of Ti-C-Mo-S antifriction coatings on titanium alloys
The positive effect of assisting influence of high-density gas plasma formed by an independent plasma generator PINK on mechanical and tribological characteristics of Ti-C-Mo-S magnetron coating on titanium alloys at lowered to 350Β°Π‘ temperature of coating regardless of alloy structural condition was revealed by methods of calotest, nanorecognition, scratch testing and frictional material tests. The coating formed by means of a combined magnetron plasma method reduces titanium alloys friction coefficient in multiple times and increases wear resistance by two orders of magnitude. At the same time the mechanical properties of ultra-fine-grained titanium alloys obtained by nanostructuring do not deteriorate
Properties of resistive hydrogen sensors as a function of additives of 3d-metals introduced in the volume of thin nanocrystalline SnO2 films
Analysis of the results of studying electrical and gas sensitive characteristics of the molecular hydrogen sensors based on thin nanocrystalline SnO2 films coated with dispersed Au layers and containing Au+Ni and Au+Co impurities in the bulk showed that the characteristics of these sensors are more stable under the prolonged exposure to hydrogen in comparison with Au/SnO2:Sb, Au films modified only with gold. It has been found that introduction of the nickel and cobalt additives increases the band bending at the grain boundaries of tin dioxide already in freshly prepared samples, which indicates an increase in the density Ni of the chemisorbed oxygen. It is important that during testing, the band bending eΟs at the grain boundaries of tin dioxide additionally slightly increases. It can be assumed that during crystallization of films under thermal annealing, the 3d-metal atoms in the SnO2 volume partially segregate on the surface of microcrystals and form bonds with lattice oxygen, the superstoichiometric tin atoms are formed, and the density Ni increases. If the bonds of oxygen with nickel and cobalt are stronger than those with tin, then, under the prolonged tests, atomic hydrogen will be oxidized not by lattice oxygen, but mainly by the chemisorbed one. In this case, stability of the sensorsβ characteristics increases
Crystallographic parameters of compounds and solid solutions in binary systems Cu-Pt and Ga-Pt
The study establishes that the packing index in compounds of the system Cu-Pt is close to the value 0.74 against a slight deviation from the Zen law of atomic volumes. The compounds in the system Ga-Pt have the highest values of the packing index in the range of the equiatomic composition, which greatly exceed Ο for close-packed structures based on FCC and HCP lattices for compounds made of the same kind of atoms. A correlation between singular points on the phase diagram of the system Ga-Pt and high values of the packing index in compounds is established
Binary phase diagrams based on elements VIIIA and IB periods of the D. I. Mendeleev's table and features of crystallographic parameters
The data obtained as a result of the analysis of crystallogeometric parameters and the structure of state diagrams of binary systems from elements VIIIA and IB periods of the D. I. Mendeleev's table are presented. It is shown that the classification of the evolution of phase diagrams of binary systems by types, proposed by T. A. Lebedev, correlates with features of concentration dependences of the deviation of atomic volumes in solid solutions from Zen law
Steroid-refractory hand eczema: treatment experience
Hand eczema is a common multi-etiological disease manifested by evolutionary polymorphism of rashes. Hand eczema develops against the background of altered reactivity and genetic predisposition under the adverse effects of endogenous and exogenous factors. Hand eczema has a chronic course and is characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations. The prevalence of eczematous lesions of the hands among the adult population is 1β2%, and among all skin diseases β 30β40%. The disease has an extremely negative impact on the quality of life, ability to work, career prospects and the social status of a person. The long course of eczematous lesions of the hands can be complicated by a secondary infection: bacterial and mycotic flora. Therefore, choosing the right and effective treatment for hand eczema is a particularly difficult task for a dermatologist. In recent years, a multicomponent drug based on gentamicin sulfate, dexpanthenol, mometasone furoate and econazole nitrate has been widely used for the treatment of hand eczema due to its high efficacy, tolerability, and safety. The use of this multicomponent drug in monotherapy for hand eczema is effective, leads to clinical remission and restoration of the quality of life of patients and is not accompanied by side effects and complications. This review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options for hand eczema. Clinical experience with the use of a multicomponent drug in patients with hand eczema complicated by infection is also given
Zen law and features of liquidus-solidus curves in binary state diagrams based on elements VIIIA and IB of the periodic table
The paper presents the analysis of binary state diagrams based on elements VIIIA and IB of the periodic table and crystal geometry parameters of solid solutions and intermetallic compositions. The analysis shows an explicit correlation between the type of the evolution of phase diagrams classified by Lebedev depending on the nature of atomic volume deviations observed in solid solutions and intermetallic compounds from Zen law
Electron-ion-plasma modification of the structure and properties of commercial steels
The work is devoted to the structural-phase analysis of steels of the austenitic and martensitic grade, irradiated with a high-intensity pulsed electron beam of the submillisecond duration of exposure in the mode of the surface layer melting. A thermodynamic analysis of phase transformations occurring during heat treatment in alloys of the composition Fe-Cr-C and Fe-Cr-Ni-C, which are the basis of steels 20X13 and 12X18H10T, is carried out. It is shown that formation of solid solutions on the basis of [alpha]-iron (BCC crystalline lattice) and [gamma]- iron (FCC crystalline lattice) as well as the entire range of carbide phases of a complex elemental composition (M[23]C[6], M[7]C[3] ΠΈ M[3]C, where symbol M refers to atoms of metallic elements Fe, Cr, and Ni) is possible in equilibrium conditions in given materials. The irradiation of steels 12X18H10T and 20X13 with a high-intensity pulsed electron beam of the submillisecond duration of exposure is carried out. It is shown that the electron-beam processing of steel in the melting mode and the subsequent rapid crystallization is accompanied by a significant transformation of the surface layer structure, consisting in complete dissolution of original carbide phase particles; in formation of dendritic crystallization cells of submicron sizes; in occurrence of martensitic [gamma]->[alpha] and [gamma]->[epsilon] transformation; in re-allocation of nanosized particles of carbide and intermetallic phases
Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡ
This work is a review of modern scientific data on the process of aging, as well as the prospect of using photodynamic therapy for correction of involutional skin changes in the age cohorts, cohorts with a burdened medical history, including cancerous and precancerous skin neoplasms. The data on the predicted increase in life expectancy and, as a consequence, the potential risk of pathologies, including those with skin localization, progression of malignancy processes, as well as the formation of de novo elements, is presented. The increase in life expectancy also demonstrates the socialization of the elderly population, along with the increasing need for correction of involutional skin changes. However, considering the risks associated with the chronic diseases and increased malignancy in this cohort, methods have to be carefully selected. One such technique is photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT is actively used in oncology, and recently has been increasingly showing its aesthetic effectiveness. It can be predictably used not only on cancer patients, but also in an age cohort.ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π£Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡ
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ΅: Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ
One of the most important functions of the skin, mechanical, is provided by collagen fibers and their interaction with other elements of the extracellular matrix. Synthesis of collagen fibers is a complex multistep process. At each stage, disturbances may occur, leading, as a result, to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the connective tissue. In clinical practice, disorders of collagen synthesis are manifested through increased skin laxity and looseness and premature aging. In addition to the clinical presentation, it is important for the cosmetologist and dermatologist to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of collagenopathies. The present review summarizes and systematizes available information about the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the synthesis of collagen fibers in the skin. Understanding the etiology of collagen synthesis disorders can allow doctors to prescribe pathogenetically grounded treatment with the most effective results and minimize adverse reactions.ΠΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π² ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ
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