Anatomy of word and sentence meaning

Reading and listening involve complex psychological processes that recruit many brain areas. The anatomy of processing English words has been studied by a variety of imaging methods. Although there is widespread agreement on the general anatomical areas involved in comprehending words, there are still disputes about the computations that go on in these areas. Examination of the time relations (circuitry) among these anatomical areas can aid in under-standing their computations. In this paper we concentrate on tasks which involve obtaining the meaning of a word in isolation or in relation to a sentence. Our current data support a finding in the literature that frontal semantic areas are active well before posterior areas. We use the subject’s attention to amplify relevant brain areas involved either in semantic classification or in judging the relation of the word to a sentence in order to test the hypothesis that frontal areas are concerned with lexical semantics while posterior areas are more involved in comprehension of propositions that involve several words

Attentional Networks and Consciousness

The term consciousness is an important one in the vernacular of the western literature in many fields. It is no wonder that scientists have assumed that consciousness will be found as a component of the human brain and that we will come to understand its neural basis. However, there is rather little in common between consciousness as the neurologist would use it to diagnose the vegetative state, how the feminist would use it to support raising male consciousness of the economic plight of women and as the philosopher would use it when defining the really hard question of the subjective state of awareness induced by sensory qualities. When faced with this kind of problem it is usual to subdivide the term into more manageable perhaps partly operational definitions. Three meanings that capture aspects of consciousness are: (1) the neurology of the state of mind allowing coherent orientation to time and place (2) the selection of sensory or memorial information for awareness and (3) the voluntary control over overt responses. In each of these cases the mechanisms of consciousness overlap with one or more of the attentional networks that have been studied with the methods of cognitive neuroscience. In this paper we explore the overlap and discuss how to exploit the growing knowledge of attentional networks to constrain ideas of consciousness

Developing poor connected brains

The study of the influence of material and social deprivation on the central nervous system (CNS) has been an issue of interest in the agenda of neuroscience since the first half of the twentieth century. In recent years, neuroscience has begun to take seriously that experience shapes the brain in important ways.Fil: Lipina, Sebastián Javier. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Posner, Michael I.. University of Oregon; Estados Unidos. Weill Medical College; Estados Unido

Developing poor connected brains

The study of the influence of material and social deprivation on the central nervous system (CNS) has been an issue of interest in the agenda of neuroscience since the first half of the twentieth century. In recent years, neuroscience has begun to take seriously that experience shapes the brain in important ways.Fil: Lipina, Sebastián Javier. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Posner, Michael I.. University of Oregon; Estados Unidos. Weill Medical College; Estados Unido

Timing the Brain: Mental Chronometry as a Tool in Neuroscience

Mental chronometry, which has origins dating back over a century, seeks to measure the time course of mental operations in the human nervous syste

How understanding and strengthening brain networks can contribute to elementary education

Imaging the human brain during the last 35 years offers potential for improving education. What is needed is knowledge on the part of educators of all types of how this potential can be realized in practical terms. This paper briefly reviews the current level of understanding of brain networks that underlie aspects of elementary education and its preparation for later learning. This includes the acquisition of reading, writing and number processing, improving attention and increasing the motivation to learn. This knowledge can enhance assessment devices, improve child behavior and motivation and lead to immediate and lasting improvements in educational systems