The Day Portland Burned: July 4, 1866

On July 4, 1866, a great fire burned through Portland, leaving 10,000 people homeless and causing $12 million in property loss. Earle G. Shettleworth, Jr. researched, compiled and provided the narrative to this 12-page Anniversary Edition of the Evening Express describing Portland before the fire, what happened the day of the fire, how Portland was rebuilt following the fire, and the fire\u27s legacy

Optimized Sections for Major Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders

DOT-FH-11-9598The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the latest prestressed concrete bridge girder designs being used in the United States and to determine which represent optimum designs that could be promoted as national or regional standards. Bridges built with pretensioned I- and T-sections for spans in excess of 80 ft (24.4 m) and concrete compressive strengths up to 7000 psi (48.3 MPa) were considered. Information on current designs was collected from selected highway agencies and producers throughout the United States. In all states surveyed except California, the most economical bridges for spans of 70 to 130 ft (21.3 to 39.6 m) were constructed with pretensioned bridge girders. Precast prestressed bridge girder sections inventoried were analyzed on three efficiency scales. Bulb-T's, Colorado, and Washington girders were more structurally efficient than AASHTO-PCI girders. A computer program called "BRIDGE" was developed to perform cost analyses. Parameters included girder span, girder spacing, deck thickness and concrete compressive strength. Based on relative unit costs for in-lace materials and labor, cost charts were prepared for existing Bulb-T's, Colorado, Washington and AASHTO girders, and for their modified counterparts with 6-in. (152 mm) thick webs. All girders were compared using optimum cost curves. Bulb-T's were found most cost-effective with estimated cost savings of 17% on the in-place cost of girders and deck compared to the AASHTO girders. Next most cost-effective sections were the Washington Series girders. Modified Bulb-T's are recommended for use as national standards

From Fan Parks to Live Sites: Mega events and the territorialisation of urban space

This article draws on the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari to consider the phenomenon of Live Sites and Fan Parks which are now enshrined within the viewing experience of mega sports events. Empirically, the article draws upon primary research on Live Sites generated during the London 2012 Olympic Games. Live Sites are represented as new spaces within which to critically locate and conceptually explore the shifting dynamics of urban space, subjectivity and its performative politic. The authors argue that the first, or primary, spaces of mega sporting events (the official venues) and their secondary counterparts (Live Sites) simply extend brandscaping tendencies but that corporate striation is always incomplete, opening up possibilities for disruption and dislocation

Computer programs for simulating the line intersect process for residue inventory

This paper describes the concepts and operations of two programs, SLASH, which simulates forest-residue populations, and INTRSCT, which performs line intersect residue inventories on these populations. Program SLASH creates residue pieces on a 5.07 -acre square area to specified orientation and spatial distributions. The user can specify constant geometric piece shapes,or create populations with length /diameter distributions based on actual residue inventories. Program INTRSCT samples this population, using a user -determined number and configuration of sample legs per transect and transects per experiment. The results of these simulations may be used to plan residue inventories and perform technique studies to determine optimum sample designs. Edge effects, boundary problems, and program calibration are discussed. Keywords: Residue surveys, sampling design, population sampling, computer programs/programing

Impacts of high-temperature and restraint on kiln-dried grand fir studs curve sawn from small-diameter logs

Eighteen-hundred grand fir (Abies grandis) studs, curve sawn from small-diameter [approximately 4-7 inches (102-178 mm)] sawlogs, were kiln dried to determine effects of drying schedule and restraint on energy consumption, drying time, and warp (bow, crook, and twist). The experimental design included 18 kiln charges with three replications of three kiln schedules. Nine of the kiln charges were restrained and nine were unrestrained. Kiln schedules were high-temperature [240/ F (116/ C) dry bulb with no venting or steam spray], elevated [190-220/ F (88-104/ C) dry bulb and 190-165/ F (88- 74/ C) wet bulb], and conventional [180/ F (82/ C) dry bulb and 170-145/ F (77-63/ C) wet bulb]. Restraint loading was 200 pounds per square foot (psf) (976 kg/m2). Results showed that the high-temperature schedule consumed approximately one-third and one-half of the energy of the elevated and conventional schedules, respectively. In addition, drying time averaged 21.1 hours with the high-temperature schedule, 42.0 hours with the elevated schedule, and 50.3 hours with the conventional schedule. Although there were several significant differences in bow, crook, and twist in lumber dried by the three schedules, no schedule showed significantly lower warp. Results also showed that restraint reduced warp in lumber in the high-temperature and elevated schedules, and much of the warp reduction was in lumber within the top six courses of the stack. In addition, restraint reduced the variance of warp in lumber dried by all three schedules

Two Types of Planning in Neighborhoods

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68338/2/10.1177_0739456X8400300209.pd