Prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in surgical practice and laboratory dog husbandry room environments at Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok Veterinary Hospital

Klebsiella pneumoniae is commonly found in environments, causing secondary infections in both human and animals, as well as antibiotic resistance problem. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of K. pneumoniae contaminated in the environments of surgical practice and laboratory dog husbandry rooms at Animal hospital, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok during 2019 - 2020. Two-hundred-swabbed samples were collected from these nearby environments and laboratory dogs themselves. Then, all samples were tested for K. pneumoniae and antibiotic susceptibility using disk diffusion method. From the results, the total prevalence was 3.5% and the high frequencies were found in three categories: laboratory dogs (35.7%), veterinarian belongings (3.3%) and building structure (2.5%). The antibiotic resistance was also detected including Cephalexin, Ceftazidime and Penicillin G (100%), Gentamicin and Colistin (85.71%), Amikacin (42.86%), and Ciprofloxacin (14.29%). Owning to the fact that laboratory dogs exposed to an external environment leading to bacterial contamination into themself and the husbandry room. Therefore, the hygiene of laboratory dogs and area in husbandry room should be primarily considered. Our study would be the preliminary baseline for the study of antibiotic resistant K. pneumoniae contamination in dogs, human, and their environments

Assessing the Impact of Manure Application in Commercial Swine Farms on the Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella in the Environment.

Land application of swine manure in commercial hog farms is an integral part of their waste management system which recycles the nutrients back to the soil. However, manure application can lead to the dissemination of bacterial pathogens in the environment and pose a serious public health threat. The aim of this study was to determine the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in the environment due to manure application in commercial swine farms in North Carolina (n = 6) and Iowa (n = 7), two leading pork producing states in the US. We collected manure and soil samples twice on day 0 (before and after manure application) from four distinct plots of lands (5 soil samples/plot) located at 20 feet away from each other in the field. Subsequent soil samples were collected again on days 7, 14, 21 from the same plots. A total of 1,300 soil samples (NC = 600; IA = 700) and 130 manure samples (NC = 60; IA = 70) were collected and analyzed in this study. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 13.22% (189/1,430), represented by 10.69% and 38.46% prevalence in soil and manure, respectively. The prevalence in NC (25.45%) was significantly higher than in IA (2.73%) (P<0.001) and a consistent decrease in Salmonella prevalence was detected from Day 0-Day 21 in all the farms that tested positive. Salmonella serotypes detected in NC were not detected in IA, thereby highlighting serotype association based on manure storage and soil application method used in the two regions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the broth microdilution method to a panel of 15 antimicrobial drugs. A high frequency of isolates (58.73%) were multidrug resistant (resistance to three or more class of antimicrobials) and the most frequent resistance was detected against streptomycin (88.36%), sulfisoxazole (67.2%), and tetracycline (57.67%). Genotypic characterization by pulse field gel electrophoresis revealed clonally related Salmonella in both manure and soil at multiple time points in the positive farms. Our study highlights the potential role of swine manure application in the dissemination and persistence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in the environment

Phylogenetic analysis representing PFGE-<i>Xba</i>I with antimicrobial resistant patterns of <i>Salmonella</i> Rissen from NCF 3&6 at 90% cut-off genotypic similarity (Cluster F).

<p>Phylogenetic analysis representing PFGE-<i>Xba</i>I with antimicrobial resistant patterns of <i>Salmonella</i> Rissen from NCF 3&6 at 90% cut-off genotypic similarity (Cluster F).</p

Comparison of resistance and MIC distribution for <i>Salmonella</i> isolated in North Carolina and Iowa (NC = 168; IA = 21).

<p>Comparison of resistance and MIC distribution for <i>Salmonella</i> isolated in North Carolina and Iowa (NC = 168; IA = 21).</p

Phylogenetic analysis representing PFGE-<i>Xba</i>I with antimicrobial resistant patterns of <i>Salmonella</i> Senftenberg from NCF 4 at 90% cut-off genotypic similarity (Cluster A).

<p>Phylogenetic analysis representing PFGE-<i>Xba</i>I with antimicrobial resistant patterns of <i>Salmonella</i> Senftenberg from NCF 4 at 90% cut-off genotypic similarity (Cluster A).</p

<i>Salmonella</i> prevalence among North Carolina samples (NCF 1-NCF 6) and Iowa samples (IAF 6) at different time points.

<p><i>Salmonella</i> prevalence among North Carolina samples (NCF 1-NCF 6) and Iowa samples (IAF 6) at different time points.</p

Phylogenetic analysis representing PFGE-<i>Xba</i>I with antimicrobial resistant patterns of <i>Salmonella</i> Altona from NCF 1 at 90% cut-off genotypic similarity (Cluster B).

<p>Phylogenetic analysis representing PFGE-<i>Xba</i>I with antimicrobial resistant patterns of <i>Salmonella</i> Altona from NCF 1 at 90% cut-off genotypic similarity (Cluster B).</p

Distribution of <i>Salmonella</i> serotypes associated with predominant R-patterns.

<p>Distribution of <i>Salmonella</i> serotypes associated with predominant R-patterns.</p

Prevalence and Analysis of Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Parasites in Beef Cattle Herds in Aranyaprathet District, Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the potential risk factors and prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in beef cattle herds from Aranyaprathet district, Sa Kaeo province, Thailand in January 2019. A total of 239 bovines according to 34 herds (1-85 animals /herd) were selected. Fresh fecal samples were collected and tested by simple flotation as well as sedimentation techniques. Structured questionnaires via phone interviews were also applied to collect herd information. As the results, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 59.0% (141/239). The most frequent identified parasites were strongylids 58.2% (139/239), followed by Fasciola sp. 7.9% (19/239) and Toxocara sp. 4.2% (10/239). In addition, the majority of the infection was only one type of GI parasite with 40.2% (96/239). The possible risk factors for strongyle infection were analyzed by univariate analysis for herd level. Feeding system was significantly associated with prevalence of strongylids (P-value = 0.013). Herd size with greater than or equal to 50 animals and every-6-month deworming program showed the highest prevalence rate. The high　prevalence of GI parasitism of beef cattle in these areas might have been due to the feeding management and inadequate deworming program. Our findings serve as a baseline information for treatment and control strategies against intestinal parasites for livestock production in the future

Whole genome sequencing analysis of multiple Salmonella serovars provides insights into phylogenetic relatedness, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence markers across humans, food animals and agriculture environmental sources

Abstract Background Salmonella enterica is a significant foodborne pathogen, which can be transmitted via several distinct routes, and reports on acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are increasing. To better understand the association between human Salmonella clinical isolates and the potential environmental/animal reservoirs, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to investigate the epidemiology and AMR patterns within Salmonella isolates from two adjacent US states. Results WGS data of 200 S. enterica isolates recovered from human (n = 44), swine (n = 32), poultry (n = 22), and farm environment (n = 102) were used for in silico prediction of serovar, distribution of virulence genes, and phylogenetically clustered using core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and feature frequency profiling (FFP). Furthermore, AMR was studied both by genotypic prediction using five curated AMR databases, and compared to phenotypic AMR using broth microdilution. Core genome SNP-based and FFP-based phylogenetic trees showed consistent clustering of isolates into the respective serovars, and suggested clustering of isolates based on the source of isolation. The overall correlation of phenotypic and genotypic AMR was 87.61% and 97.13% for sensitivity and specificity, respectively. AMR and virulence genes clustered with the Salmonella serovars, while there were also associations between the presence of virulence genes in both animal/environmental isolates and human clinical samples. Conclusions WGS is a helpful tool for Salmonella phylogenetic analysis, AMR and virulence gene predictions. The clinical isolates clustered closely with animal and environmental isolates, suggesting that animals and environment are potential sources for dissemination of AMR and virulence genes between Salmonella serovars