Iron Dynamics in a Gas-Water-Sediment Microcosm

Iron dynamics in eutrophic systems were studied in the laboratory utilizing gas-water-Sediment phase sealed microcosms. Sediments from Hyrum Reservoir (2.4 percent iron by weight) were placed in the dark to simulate the hypolimnetic regions of a eutrophic impoundment. Iron both chemically and physically was readily available to microorganisms of the aqueous phase because iron in these systems was soluble. In the light microcosms, which simulated shallow littoral regions of eutrophic impoundments, iron was found in higher aqueous phase concentrations than was predicted chemically and physically; this was rationalized through biological mechanisms. The experiment was conducted in two phases: Phase I lasted 189 days (0 and 0.300 mg NO3–N/1 inputs) and phase II lated 175 days (10mg NO3-N/1 imput). Average light microcosm effluent iron concentrations increased from 0.092 mg FE/1 (Phase I) to 0.246 mg Fe/1 (Phase II) given higher inorganic nitrogen inputs. In Phase II, when nitrogen input into the microcosms ceased (nitrogen perturbations, day 115), aqueous phase iron concentrations in the dark microcosms increased dramatically (0.011 to 0.624 mg Fe/1)

Naturally Occurring Organic Compounds in Eutrophic Hyrum Reservoir, Utah

Methods of collecting, concentrating, separating, and identifying organic compounds in natural water systems were studied. The most appropriate methods were applied to a eutrophic reservoir (Hyrum Reservoir, Utah) and resulted in the identification of 27 volatile, organic compounds: Alcohols

Water Quality Analysis Laboratory Procedures Syllabus

Introduction: The 1976 edition of Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes describes chemical analytical procedures to be sued in Water Quality Office (WQO) laboratoires. The methods were chose through the combined efforts of the Regional Analytical Quality Control (AQC) Coordinators, Laboratory Quality Control Officers, and other senior chemicsts in both federal and state laboratories. Method selection was based on the following criteria: 1. The method should measure the desired constitutent with precision and accuracy suffiecient to meet the data needs of WQO in the presence of the interferences normally encountered in polluted waters. 2. The procedures should utilize the equipment and skillso normally available in the typical water pollution control laboratory. 3. The selected methods are in use in many laboraties or have been sufficiently tested to establish their validity. 4. The mthods should be sufficiently rapid to permit routine use for the examination of a large number of samples. Except where noted under scope and Application for each constituent, the methods can be used for the measurement of the indicated constituent in both water and wastewaters and in oboth saline and fresh water samples. Instrumental methods have been selected in preference to manual procedures because of the improved speed, precision, and accuracy. Procedures for the Technicon AutoAnalyzer have been included for laboratories having this equipment available. Precision and accuracy statements have been derived from interlaboratory studies conducted by the Methods and Performance Activity, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, WQO; the American Society for Testing Materials; or the Analytical Reference Service of the Public Health Service, DHEW. Specific instructions for the handling and preservation of samples cannot be given because of the wide variability in types of samples and local sampling situations. However, certain general principles should be followed. Wherever possible, the sampling program should be designed to provide for the shortest possible interval between sample collection and analysis. Positive steps should be taken to maintain both the concentration and the physical state of the constituents to be measureed

Effects of Oil Shale Leachate on Phytoplankton Productivity

The effects of oil shale leachate and salinity additions on the productivity of freshwater algae were studied in the laboratory using batch bioassays. These batch bioassays were used to screen variations of ten salts in single and multiple additions of all possible combinations of the ten salts; water extractions of different processed and unprocessed oil shales; and the concentration effects of both the salts from 0.3 N to 0.05 N as NaCl and the oil shale extractions on the growth of standard test algae and indigenous algae from Lake Powell. The batch bottle bioassays were conducted following the standard algal assay procedure as closely as possible. Variations in the standard algal assay procedure included media variation with the use of indigenous algal species isolated from Lake Powell and the use of three different algal species isolated from Lake Powell and the use of three different algal species for test innoculum in the bioassay procedure. The biomass was monitored using optical density, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and/or cell counts. The indegenous algal species were found to be negatively affected but more tolerant to all salinity additions than the standard test alga. The growth of the indigenous algal species

Utah Surface Impoundment Assessment Report

Executive Summary: The Surface Impoundment Assessment process presented an organized consistent systme for evaluating potential threats to groundwater resources from surface impoundments of wastes. This assessment established a data base which locates wastes surface impoundments in Utah and assesses the majority of these impoundments with this prescribed system (Appendix F). This data base may be used to identify surface impoundments in Utah which may create problems with regard to groundwater contamination. Data Summary: The potential hazards of the surface impoundments assessed to groundwater is based on two values established during the assessment procedure. These values are identified as the pollution potential and the health hazard of the sruface impoundment. The pollution potential rating is based on the first four steps of the assessment procedure. out of the 711 impoundments assessed during this study 154 impoundments, of 22 percent of these impoundment, exhibited a pollution potential value high enough to be of concern (greater than 19 assessment units). The health hazard ratin gis based on the proximity of an impoundment to a water well and the anticipated direction of movement of the waste plume. Out of the 154 impoundments exhibility high pollution potentials, 35 impoundments, or 23 percent of these impoundments, also exhibilited a health hazard rating which may be cause for concern (Case A). These 35 impoundments exhibility a combination of a high pollution potential and health hazard values are located on 13 sites. They represent sites from every category studied. These sites may pose a threat to groundwater supplies as identified by the assessment process. The assessment data are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. There have been instances of groundwater contamination in Utah. On e of these instances has been documented through legal action. These instances are discussed in Chapter 6. State Program for Protecting Groundwater: The Utah State Board of Health is a body politic recommended by the Governor and approved by the Utah Senate that serves as the regulatory authority for the State Department of Health (Holt, 1979). Regulatory and enforcement authroity is vested in the State Board of Health by Section 26-15-5 of the Utah Cose Annotated, 1953, as amended. Additional regulatory committees have been authorized by state law to promulgate rules for the control of specific health or environmental programs as have been deemed necessary with increasing demands on the state\u27s natural resources and environmental protection programs. The state water pollution control organziation consists of the Dibision of Environmental Health within the State Health Department (Pitkin, 1979). The Division of Environmental Health includes Bureaus of Water Pollution Control, Public Water Supply, and Solid Waste Management, each working under separate state legislative authority and under separate federal acts: The Federal Clean Water Act, and Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The organization of the state environment health programs is currently under review by a state appointed reorganization committee. Therefore, this organication may change within the near future (Dalley, 1980). Under present State Health Department policy, the Bureau of Water Pollution Control has been designated as the lead agency for conductin gthe permitting and operational requirements for pits, ponds and lagoons and for the construction of facilities for the containment of sludges from water and sewage treatment plants (Holt, 1979). It should be understood, howeber, that a dual regulatory responsibility exists between the Bureaus of Water Pollution Control and Solid Waste Mangement for control and disposal of sewage and wastewater sludges. The Bureau of Solid Waste Management presently assumes a significant role in establishing policy for the management of sewage and water treatment sludge. Conclusions and Recommendations: At the present time, no specific groundwater program exists in the State Division of Health. Therefore, responsibility for the protection of groundwater is also shared by the state agencies mentioned above. A staff would be necessary to achieve protection of drinking water supplies by addressing specific needs within this state. One area requiring attention is enforcement of existing laws. In order to adequately enforce these laws there is a need for increased public education and manpower within the state (Georgeson, 1979a; Gray 1979; Pitkin, 1979a; Thompson, 1979). The enforcement interpretation of these laws must allow enough flexibility to prevent illegal actions. For example, the closure of a small dump may promote illegal actions. For example, the closure of a small dump may promote illegal dumping (Gray, 1979). Enforcement capabilities require an adequate data base, monitoring program, and staff expertise. Inadequacies exist in baseline groundwater quality data (Pitkin, 1979a) and hydrogeology data (Georgeson, 1979a) especially in remote areas of the state. Also, more quality data are needed on the wastes being treated (Maxwell, 1979). Increased monitoring is necessary to create an adequate data base and to identify problems before public complaints call attention to them

Nutrient Dynamics and Gas Production in Aquatic Ecosystems: The Effects and Utilization of Mercury and Nitrogen in Sediment-Water Microcosms

Sixteen sediment-water microcosms designed to allow complete gas, liquid, and solid mass balances of gases, nutrients, and mercury were studies under dark conditions or varying light intensity for a period of 189 days. Results indicated that the microcosm technique is a very sensitive method of analyzing microbial dynamics in sediment water systems. Gas quantity and composition changes were easy to monitor and were especially sensitive to light and nutrient variations. Nitrogen fixation occurred in all lighted systems (blue-green algae nitrogen fixers, Anabaena, and others) and was adequate to insure that no nitrogen limitation occurred even though nitrogen limitation was imposed on the system. Sediments apparently did not act as a significant source of nitrogen. Iron and phosphorus were in excess and as such were closely linked as would be predicted on the basis of chemical equilibria. Non-equilibrium chemical behavior of such elements would apparently result only when appreciable amounts of the compound or element is utilized in growth

Genome Sequence of Erythromelalgia-Related Poxvirus Identifies it as an Ectromelia Virus Strain

Erythromelagia is a condition characterized by attacks of burning pain and inflammation in the extremeties. An epidemic form of this syndrome occurs in secondary students in rural China and a virus referred to as erythromelalgia-associated poxvirus (ERPV) was reported to have been recovered from throat swabs in 1987. Studies performed at the time suggested that ERPV belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus and has similarities with ectromelia virus, the causative agent of mousepox. We have determined the complete genome sequence of ERPV and demonstrated that it has 99.8% identity to the Naval strain of ectromelia virus and a slighly lower identity to the Moscow strain. Small DNA deletions in the Naval genome that are absent from ERPV may suggest that the sequenced strain of Naval was not the immediate progenitor of ERPV

Neuron-glia cross talk in rat striatum after transient forebrain ischemia

Striatum is highly vulnerable to transient forebrain ischemia induced by the 4 vessel occlusion (4V0) method (Brierley 1976. Pulsinelli et al. 1982, Zini et al. 1990a). Massive degeneration and loss of Nissl-stained neurons occur within 24 hr from an ischemia of long duration (30 min) (Pulsinelli et al. 1982). Neuronal loss is mainly restricted to the lateral part of caudate-putamen (Pulsinelli et al. 1982, Zini et al. 1990a). Cellular alterations include loss of medium-size spiny projection neurons (Pulsinelli et al. 1982, Francis and Pulsinelli 1982), largely corresponding to dopaminoceptive neurons (Benfenati et al. 1989, Zoli et al. 1989), and increase in reactive astrocytes (Pulsinelli et al. 1982, Grimaldi et al. 1990) and microglia (Gehrmann et al. 1982). On the other hand, large cholinergie (Francis and Pulsinelli 1982) and medium-size aspiny somatostatin (SS)/neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing interneurons are resistant to the ischemic insult (Pulsinelli et al. 1982, Grimaldi et al. 1990). In a few instances, such as in the case of SS and NPY immunoreactivity (IR), the initial loss is followed by full recovery within 7 (SS) or 40 (NPY) days post-ischemia (Grimaldi et al. 1990). However, it is not known whether some kind of recovery is present for the bulk of medium-size spiny projections neurons after the first days post-ischemia

Sustained seizure freedom with adjunctive brivaracetam in patients with focal onset seizures

The maintenance of seizure control over time is a clinical priority in patients with epilepsy. The aim of this study was to assess the sustained seizure frequency reduction with adjunctive brivaracetam (BRV) in real-world practice. Patients with focal epilepsy prescribed add-on BRV were identified. Study outcomes included sustained seizure freedom and sustained seizure response, defined as a 100% and a ≥50% reduction in baseline seizure frequency that continued without interruption and without BRV withdrawal through the 12-month follow-up. Nine hundred ninety-four patients with a median age of 45 (interquartile range = 32–56) years were included. During the 1-year study period, sustained seizure freedom was achieved by 142 (14.3%) patients, of whom 72 (50.7%) were seizure-free from Day 1 of BRV treatment. Sustained seizure freedom was maintained for ≥6, ≥9, and 12 months by 14.3%, 11.9%, and 7.2% of patients from the study cohort. Sustained seizure response was reached by 383 (38.5%) patients; 236 of 383 (61.6%) achieved sustained ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency by Day 1, 94 of 383 (24.5%) by Month 4, and 53 of 383 (13.8%) by Month 7 up to Month 12. Adjunctive BRV was associated with sustained seizure frequency reduction from the first day of treatment in a subset of patients with uncontrolled focal epilepsy