Mental Depression Deduction Using Modified Regression Model to Prevent Suicidal Attempt

This study explores a novel approach for predicting depression using association-based multilevel linear regression. The suggested approach, known as association-based multilevel linear regression, uses data on mental depression to predict the prevalence of depression. Several statistical techniques can be used to forecast depression. Several statistical methods, including Linear Regression (LR), Multilevel Linear Regression (MLR), Naïve Bayes algorithm and Decision Tree (DT) were used in this investigation. Because these algorithms are able to predict mental depression based on certain characteristics such as precision and efficiency, their performance reduces. The results of these algorithms' predictions vary significantly, especially in terms of accuracy. The mental health data is fed into a developed model that has been trained to make predictions in order to address the aforementioned problem. Depression is the subject of conversation. A great degree of accuracy is shown by the association-based multilevel linear regression technique and the evaluation of prediction of accuracy in relation to other statistical methods. This study used association-based multilevel linear regression technique.  When compared to traditional methods, the method exhibits a substantially greater level of accuracy, almost 99%

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITES OF COW DUNG EXTRACTS AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENS

Objective: For control of microbial infections and diseases, various synthetic drugs and chemical formulations are currently in use. But due to the problem of microbial drug resistance, new alternative synthetic drugs have been explored. Similarly, antimicrobial activities of so many natural products have also been explored. Methods: In this various study extracts of cow dung possessed antimicrobial property against human pathogens like Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. Results: The Indian cow dung extracted possessed superior antimicrobial activity than other cow dung types and showed antimicrobial property against all the test microorganisms. Since cow dung and buffalo dung are abundant in nature, which make the process cost effective with processing ease and thus are a promising solution for a variety of health problems in the near future. Conclusion: The medicinal properties of these cow dung and buffalo dung can be exploited to formulate drugs for several diseases caused by antibiotic resistant pathogenic microorganisms

Reliability and Validity of a Modified PHQ-9 Item Inventory (PHQ-12) as a Screening Instrument for Assessing Depression in Asian Indians (CURES - 65)

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the validity and reliability of the modified Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ) 12 item instrument as a screening tool for assessing depression compared to the PHQ -9 in a representative south Indian urban population. Methods: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study [CURES] is a large cross-sectional study conducted in Chennai, South India. In Phase 1 of CURES(urban component), 26,001 individuals aged ≥ 20 years individuals were selected by a systematic sampling technique of whom one hundred subjects were randomly selected, using computer-generated numbers, for this validation study. Two self-reported questionnaires (modified PHQ-12 item and PHQ 9 item) were administered to the subjects to compare their effectiveness in detecting depression. Reliability and validity were assessed and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted. Pearson’s correlation was used to compare the two questionnaires. Results: The mean age of the study was 38.6±11.6 years and 48% were males. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the modified PHQ-12 and the PHQ-9 item was 0.913 [p<0.0001]. Factor Analysis revealed that the modified PHQ 12 item scale can be used as a unidimensional scale and had excellent internal consistency(Cronbach’s alpha:0.88). A cut point of >4 calculated using the ROC curves for the modified PHQ- 12 item had the highest sensitivity (92.0%) and specificity (90.7%) using PHQ-9 as the gold standard. The positive predictive value was 76.7%, and the negative predictive value, 97.1% and the area under the ROC curve, 0.979 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.929 - 0.997, p<0.0001). Conclusion: The modified PHQ-12 item is a valid and reliable instrument for large scale population based screening of depression in Asian Indians and a cut point score of 4 or greater gave the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Evaluation of one touch horizon - a highly affordable glucose monitor

Background and Objective: Despite the growing evidence on the benefits of self-monitoring in diabetes, the use of these meters has been low in developing countries, particularly India. Cost seems to be the major constraint. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of One Touch HORIZON an affordable glucose meter with laboratory assessment of blood glucose. Methods: 100 subjects with diabetes over the age of 18 years were recruited from the MV Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai. All the study subjects had their fasting blood tested for glucose in One Touch HORIZON by finger prick. Fasting blood glucose was also assessed in YSI 2300 STATPLUS (Yellow Springs Instruments, Ohio, USA) glucose analyzer. The Parke's Error Grid model was used to assess the accuracy of the meter against YSI plasma glucose values. Results: Of the total 100 study subjects, 97 were Type 2 diabetic subjects and three were Type 1 diabetic subjects. 62% of the study subjects were males. 89% did not perform SMBG and only 2% of the diabetic subjects performed SMBG daily. The Parke's Error Grid analysis revealed 97% of results to be in Zone A when patient performed the test, 99 - 100% in Zone A when clinical staff performed the test indicating excellent accuracy and precision. Conclusion: One Touch HORIZON meter is an affordable meter with good accuracy and precision, specifically designed to cater to the needs of diabetic patients in developing countries

Original Article Reliability and Validity of a Modified Phq-9 Item Inventory (Phq-12) as a Screening Instrument for Assessing Depression in Asian Indians (CURES -65)

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the validity and reliability of the modified Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ) 12 item instrument as a screening tool for assessing depression compared to the PHQ -9 in a representative south Indian urban population. Methods: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study [CURES] is a large cross-sectional study conducted in Chennai, South India. In Phase 1 of CURES(urban component), 26,001 individuals aged ≥ 20 years individuals were selected by a systematic sampling technique of whom one hundred subjects were randomly selected, using computergenerated numbers, for this validation study. Two self-reported questionnaires (modified PHQ-12 item and PHQ-9 item) were administered to the subjects to compare their effectiveness in detecting depression. Reliability and validity were assessed and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted. Pearson&apos;s correlation was used to compare the two questionnaires. Results: The mean age of the study was 38.6±11.6 years and 48% were males. Pearson&apos;s correlation coefficient between the modified PHQ-12 and the PHQ-9 item was 0.913 [p&lt;0.0001]. Factor Analysis revealed that the modified PHQ-12 item scale can be used as a unidimensional scale and had excellent internal consistency(Cronbach&apos;s alpha:0.88). A cut point of &gt;4 calculated using the ROC curves for the modified PHQ-12 item had the highest sensitivity (92.0%) and specificity (90.7%) using PHQ-9 as the gold standard. The positive predictive value was 76.7%, and the negative predictive value, 97.1% and the area under the ROC curve, 0.979 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.929 -0.997, p&lt;0.0001). Conclusion: The modified PHQ-12 item is a valid and reliable instrument for large scale population based screening of depression in Asian Indians and a cut point score of greater than 4 gave the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Original Article Reliability and Validity of a Modified PHQ-9 Item Inventory (PHQ-12) as a Screening Instrument for Assessing Depression in Asian Indians (CURES -65)

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the validity and reliability of the modified Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ) 12 item instrument as a screening tool for assessing depression compared to the PHQ -9 in a representative south Indian urban population. Methods: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study [CURES] is a large cross-sectional study conducted in Chennai, South India. In Phase 1 of CURES(urban component), 26,001 individuals aged ≥ 20 years individuals were selected by a systematic sampling technique of whom one hundred subjects were randomly selected, using computer-generated numbers, for this validation study. Two self-reported questionnaires (modified PHQ-12 item and PHQ 9 item) were administered to the subjects to compare their effectiveness in detecting depression. Reliability and validity were assessed and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted. Pearson&apos;s correlation was used to compare the two questionnaires. Results: The mean age of the study was 38.6±11.6 years and 48% were males. Pearson&apos;s correlation coefficient between the modified PHQ-12 and the PHQ-9 item was 0.913 [p&lt;0.0001]. Factor Analysis revealed that the modified PHQ 12 item scale can be used as a unidimensional scale and had excellent internal consistency(Cronbach&apos;s alpha:0.88). A cut point of &gt;4 calculated using the ROC curves for the modified PHQ-12 item had the highest sensitivity (92.0%) and specificity (90.7%) using PHQ-9 as the gold standard. The positive predictive value was 76.7%, and the negative predictive value, 97.1% and the area under the ROC curve, 0.979 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.929 -0.997, p&lt;0.0001). Conclusion: The modified PHQ-12 item is a valid and reliable instrument for large scale population based screening of depression in Asian Indians and a cut point score of 4 or greater gave the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Original Article Reliability and Validity of a Modified Phq-9 Item Inventory (Phq-12) as a Screening Instrument for Assessing Depression in Asian Indians (CURES -65)

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the validity and reliability of the modified Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ) 12 item instrument as a screening tool for assessing depression compared to the PHQ -9 in a representative south Indian urban population. Methods: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study [CURES] is a large cross-sectional study conducted in Chennai, South India. In Phase 1 of CURES(urban component), 26,001 individuals aged ≥ 20 years individuals were selected by a systematic sampling technique of whom one hundred subjects were randomly selected, using computergenerated numbers, for this validation study. Two self-reported questionnaires (modified PHQ-12 item and PHQ-9 item) were administered to the subjects to compare their effectiveness in detecting depression. Reliability and validity were assessed and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted. Pearson&apos;s correlation was used to compare the two questionnaires. Results: The mean age of the study was 38.6±11.6 years and 48% were males. Pearson&apos;s correlation coefficient between the modified PHQ-12 and the PHQ-9 item was 0.913 [p&lt;0.0001]. Factor Analysis revealed that the modified PHQ-12 item scale can be used as a unidimensional scale and had excellent internal consistency(Cronbach&apos;s alpha:0.88). A cut point of &gt;4 calculated using the ROC curves for the modified PHQ-12 item had the highest sensitivity (92.0%) and specificity (90.7%) using PHQ-9 as the gold standard. The positive predictive value was 76.7%, and the negative predictive value, 97.1% and the area under the ROC curve, 0.979 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.929 -0.997, p&lt;0.0001). Conclusion: The modified PHQ-12 item is a valid and reliable instrument for large scale population based screening of depression in Asian Indians and a cut point score of greater than 4 gave the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Effect of essentiale in diabetic subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver

Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) has been reported to be common among subjects with diabetes. However, there are not much therapeutic options for NAFL. In this open labeled clinical trial we studied the effect of Essentiale in diabetic subjects with NAFL. Twenty-eight type 2 diabetic patients attending the out-patient division of M.V. Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai and satisfying the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. High resolution B mode ultrasonography was carried out for diagnosis of NAFL. Liver function markers [Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Gamma Glutamyl transferase (GGT)] were measured. 22 out of the 28 patients (78.5%) were available for follow up. The mean age of the study subjects was 41&#177;8 years and 50% were males. A significant reduction in all the liver enzymes were observed after Essentiale treatment (baseline vs. six months after treatment: ALT: 54.5&#177; 29.6 IU/L vs. 37.1&#177;18.7 IU/L, p&lt; 0.05, AST: 38.0&#177;18.0 IU/L vs. 27.6&#177;12.4 IU/L, p&lt; 0.05, GGT: 38.7&#177;27.5 IU/L vs. 29.6&#177;13.8 IU/L, p&lt; 0.05). Ultrasound studies revealed that the hepatic echotexture improved after Essentiale treatment in 12/22 (54.5%) of the study subjects, while there was no change in 9/22 (40.9%), and it worsened in only one patient (4.5%). The study results suggest that Essentiale protects and improves liver function in diabetic subjects with NAFL. Prospective, blinded clinical trials are required to confirm these findings

Prevalence of Depression in a Large Urban South Indian Population — The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (Cures – 70)

BACKGROUND: In India there are very few population based data on prevalence of depression. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of depression in an urban south Indian population. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Subjects were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), involving 26,001 subjects randomly recruited from 46 of the 155 corporation wards of Chennai (formerly Madras) city in South India. 25,455 subjects participated in this study (response rate 97.9%). Depression was assessed using a self-reported and previously validated instrument, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) - 12. Age adjustment was made according to the 2001 census of India. The overall prevalence of depression was 15.1% (age-adjusted, 15.9%) and was higher in females (females 16.3% vs. males 13.9%, p<0.0001). The odds ratio (OR) for depression in female subjects was 1.20 [Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.12-1.28, p<0.001] compared to male subjects. Depressed mood was the most common symptom (30.8%), followed by tiredness (30.0%) while more severe symptoms such as suicidal thoughts (12.4%) and speech and motor retardation (12.4%) were less common. There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of depression with age among both female (p<0.001) and male subjects (p<0.001). The prevalence of depression was higher in the low income group (19.3%) compared to the higher income group (5.9%, p<0.001). Prevalence of depression was also higher among divorced (26.5%) and widowed (20%) compared to currently married subjects (15.4%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest population-based study from India to report on prevalence of depression and shows that among urban south Indians, the prevalence of depression was 15.1%. Age, female gender and lower socio-economic status are some of the factors associated with depression in this population

Cluster randomised controlled trial of a peer-led lifestyle intervention program: study protocol for the Kerala diabetes prevention program.

BACKGROUND: India currently has more than 60 million people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and this is predicted to increase by nearly two-thirds by 2030. While management of those with T2DM is important, preventing or delaying the onset of the disease, especially in those individuals at 'high risk' of developing T2DM, is urgently needed, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This paper describes the protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of a peer-led lifestyle intervention program to prevent diabetes in Kerala, India. METHODS/DESIGN: A total of 60 polling booths are randomised to the intervention arm or control arm in rural Kerala, India. Data collection is conducted in two steps. Step 1 (Home screening): Participants aged 30-60 years are administered a screening questionnaire. Those having no history of T2DM and other chronic illnesses with an Indian Diabetes Risk Score value of ≥60 are invited to attend a mobile clinic (Step 2). At the mobile clinic, participants complete questionnaires, undergo physical measurements, and provide blood samples for biochemical analysis. Participants identified with T2DM at Step 2 are excluded from further study participation. Participants in the control arm are provided with a health education booklet containing information on symptoms, complications, and risk factors of T2DM with the recommended levels for primary prevention. Participants in the intervention arm receive: (1) eleven peer-led small group sessions to motivate, guide and support in planning, initiation and maintenance of lifestyle changes; (2) two diabetes prevention education sessions led by experts to raise awareness on T2DM risk factors, prevention and management; (3) a participant handbook containing information primarily on peer support and its role in assisting with lifestyle modification; (4) a participant workbook to guide self-monitoring of lifestyle behaviours, goal setting and goal review; (5) the health education booklet that is given to the control arm. Follow-up assessments are conducted at 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome is incidence of T2DM. Secondary outcomes include behavioural, psychosocial, clinical, and biochemical measures. An economic evaluation is planned. DISCUSSION: Results from this trial will contribute to improved policy and practice regarding lifestyle intervention programs to prevent diabetes in India and other resource-constrained settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12611000262909