Performance of Indian Manufacturing in the Post Reform Period

Many emerging countries in recent decades have relied on a development strategy that focused primarily on promoting the manufacturing sector and the exports of manufactured goods. However, an acceleration of growth of output and employment in manufacturing has eluded India. This is despite the fact that the central focus of the reforms in the 1980s and 1990s was to unshackle the manufacturing sector. Instead it is the services sector which has grown rapidly, contributing about two-third of GDP growth in recent years. This paper discusses the reasons behind the modest performance of the manufacturing sector in India post reforms. It argues that there are many factors that have inhibited the growth of industrial sector in India. One major factor is the rigid and strict labor laws which have affected the industrial performance in a number of ways, by keeping the size of the establishments small, by not encouraging the production of labor intensive goods, by pushing activities to the unorganized sector, and by keeping the Indian industry uncompetitive. Besides the labor laws other factors that are responsible for the modest performance of the manufacturing sector include difficulty in the acquisition of land for industrial use, inadequate financing and infrastructure, and cumbersome business climate. The paper presents arguments and evidence which shows the importance of these factors.Delicesning, employment, growth, India, infrastructure, labor market regulations, liberalization, manufacturing, reforms, services

Teaching and Learning in a Virtual World: A Pedagogical Experimentation Using Second Life

Immersive virtual worlds like Second Life offer many instructional affordances for enhancing learner’s experiences, especially in online classes. This paper will describe the implementation experiences of using the virtual environment in addition to the traditional learning management system to enrich the online learning experiences of students in an online graduate class. The benefits of using virtual environment is evaluated both from faculty and student perspectives. Based on the findings recommendations are made for best practices in using this innovative tool

Ratification of Reapportionment Plans Drawn by Redistricting Commissions

Partisan gerrymandering is a danger that threatens the foundations of the American democratic structure. This Note argues that partisan gerrymandering must be eliminated in order to foster political competition and ensure government accountability. Without a judicial solution, redistricting commissions present a viable option to help cure the ills of partisan gerrymandering. This Note argues that automatic and mandatory state supreme court judicial review must be the process by which the redistricting plans drawn by these commissions are ratified. Automatic judicial review permits redistricting to remain a legislative task while giving the judiciary a quintessential judicial task. In addition, this Note argues that automatic state supreme court review of the reapportionment plans provides a fairer and more efficient ratification mechanism that can greatly influence the effectiveness of redistricting commissions in combating partisan gerrymandering

Big Reforms but Small Payoffs: Explaining the Weak Record of Growth and Employment in Indian Manufacturing

India has undertaken extensive reforms in its manufacturing sector over the last two decades. However, an acceleration of growth in manufacturing, and a corresponding increase in employment, has eluded India. Why have the reforms not produced the intended results? Using Annual Survey of Industries data at the three digit level for major Indian states, for 1980-2004, we analyze the effects of the reforms that liberalized India’s industrial licensing regime on the performance of registered manufacturing. We find that the performance of the manufacturing sector is heterogeneous across states, as well as across industries. In particular, labor intensive industries and industries dependent on infrastructure have not benefited much from reforms. Industrial performance appears to be contingent on the state specific policy and economic environment. States with relatively inflexible labor regulations have experienced slower growth of labor-intensive industries and slower employment growth overall. Additionally, states with relatively competitive product market regulations and with better infrastructure have experienced larger benefits from reforms.India; Manufacturing; Product Market Deregulation; Labor Laws, Infrastructure

MANAGING ONLINE TEACHING TO ENHANCE STUDENT LEARNING: A PARADIGM SHIFT

The growth of online programs offered by U.S. educational institutions in the past decade has surpassed expectations. This growth has fueled research in online education, which though diverse does not address management of online teaching. Effective management of online teaching can lead to quality programs and enhanced student learning. In this paper we propose a framework that outlines how the principles of management can be applied to effectively manage online teaching. We believe that application of this framework in educational institutions will lead to quality online programs and sustained success of online programs for the long run

What Constrains Indian Manufacturing?

India has undertaken extensive reforms in its manufacturing sector in the last two decades. However, an acceleration of growth in manufacturing, and a concomitant increase in employment, has eluded India. What might be holding the sector back? Using Annual Survey of Industries data at the three-digit level and difference in estimates this paper finds that the post-reform performance of the manufacturing sector is heterogeneous across industries. In particular, industries dependent on infrastructure or external finance, and labour-intensive industries have not been able to reap the maximum benefits of reforms. The results point to the importance of infrastructure development and financial sector development for the manufacturing sectors growth to accelerate further. They also emphasize the need to clearly identify and address the factors inhibiting the growth of labour-intensive industries.De-licensing, external finance dependence, infrastructure intensity, labour intensity, manufacturing, Reforms

Analysis of classical retrial queue with differentiated vacation and state dependent arrival rate.

In present paper we have introduced the concept of differentiated vacations in a retrial queueing model with state dependent arrival rates of customers. The arrival rate of customers is different in various states of the server. The vacation types are differentiated by means of their durations as well as the previous state of the server. In type I vacation, server goes just after providing service to at least one customer whereas in type II, it comes after remaining free for some time. In steady state, we have obtained the system size probabilities and other system performance measures. Finally, sensitivity and cost analysis of the proposed model is also performed. The probability generating function technique, parabolic method and MATLAB is used for the purpose

(R2020) Dynamical Study and Optimal Harvesting of a Two-species Amensalism Model Incorporating Nonlinear Harvesting

This study proposes a two-species amensalism model with a cover to protect the first species from the second species, with the assumption that the growth of the second species is governed by nonlinear harvesting. Analytical and numerical analyses have both been done on this suggested ecological model. Boundedness and positivity of the solutions of the model are examined. The existence of feasible equilibrium points and their local stability have been discussed. In addition, the parametric conditions under which the proposed system is globally stable have been determined. It has also been shown, using the Sotomayor theorem, that under certain parametric conditions, the suggested model exhibits a saddle-node bifurcation. The parametric conditions for the existence of the bionomic equilibrium point have been obtained. The optimal harvesting strategy has been investigated utilizing the Pontryagins Maximum Principle. The potential phase portrait diagrams have been provided to corroborate the acquired findings

A nature inspired approach toward superhydrophobic cotton fabric for multifunctional use

Nowadays, there is growing concern on the cotton fabric related to stain, dust, harmful UV irradiation, growing bacteria and other microorganism due to its hydrophilic nature. Inspired by nature, the high repellency of lotus leave, have gained the more attention due to its special wettability properties. These are the two key factors to create superhydrophobic surface: roughness and low surface energy materials1. In this work, a one step process was used to artificial modify the surface from superhydrophlic to superhydrophobic. Here, the fluorine-free silane was used as a coating material. The contact angle of modified surface is more than 150° and tilt angle less than 10°. It can sustained the superhydrophobicity in saline water (3.5% w/v) with good washing, thermal and chemical stability. It showed the bacteria anti-adhesion activity against the E. coli bacteria with moisture control ability. It could be used for the oil-water separation about 99% efficiency. Thus, the applied functional coating can be used for household as well as in medical due to its multifunctional applications. This process was simple, eco-friendly, and economical. Cotton fabric consists of abundant hydroxyl group on its surface. Moreover, silane is found as a low surface energy material and contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. These hydrophilic groups react with the hydroxyl groups through the chemical bonding, and showed the washing durability. Due to inherent micro structure in the woven matrix, they are considered heterogeneous (air pockets at the interface) with different rough scale. Here, the low surface energy material was used to prepared the superhydrophobic surface without using any nanoparticles. The modified surface showed the excellent repellence towards the all liquids based products such as tea, milk etc. with blood. The pristine cotton can absorb the water quickly and create the humid environment and works as a nutrient for the bacteria grow. So, it has the good moisture control property and bacteria anti-adhesion properties due to its superhydrophobic nature. These are key points which inspired to create this unique coating to modify cotton fabric. Here, the fluorine-free silane was used as a low surface energy material which is economical and non-toxic in nature. This modify surface was prepared without using any harmful nanoparticles or adhesive. This functional coating did not alter any properties of fabric such as flexibility and color. So, it could be concluded that the modify fabric can be used in various fields without any harmful effect on surrounding as well as human skin. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract