A Reading Apprenticeship Model for Improving Literacy: A Pre-service Teacher Case Study

A major challenge of today\u27s standards-based assessment movement targets the need to address and improve the achievement of struggling readers. As teacher education programs must prepare content teachers to address the challenges of teaching students who lack reading skills, we need to prepare out pre-service teachers to help students make meaning while reading any text. To accomplish such a goal, comprehension instruction must be explicit, direct, and effective. As VanDeWeghe (2004b) notes, even though students may still need development as readers at the secondary level, there may be confusion surrounding where reading instruction is addressed in the secondary curriculum. After talking with our cooperating teachers and tracking student teaching performances of our secondary English candidates, we believed that our pre-service teachers needed more effective preparation. To present important content conceptualizations, we realized our pre-service teachers must explicitly teach and use comprehension strategies with multiple texts at varying levels of difficulty. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pilot of Gettysburg College\u27s redesign and implementation of a reading apprenticeship model developed in collaboration with two practicing secondary English teachers. After field testing at the secondary level, the model was transported to the college level for preparing secondary English pre-service teachers. [excerpt

Thermodynamic analysis of dilute ternary systems. 1. The Ag-Au-Sn system

Heats of solution of silver and gold in dilute silver-gold-tin alloys as function of alloy compositio

Effect of time of thinning on berry size of girdled, gibberellin-treated 'Thompson Seedless' grapes

Gibberellin-treated 'Thompson Seedless' grapes were thinned at initiation of berry shatter following bloom or at 1 to 6 weeks thereafter. The results indicate that for maximum increase in berry size, thinning should be done during fruit-set or as soon after as possible.Der Einfluß des Ausdünnungstermins auf die Beerengröße von geringelten, gibberellinbehandelten „Thompson Seedless"-TraubenGibberellin-behandelte „Thompson-Seedless"-Trauben wurden bei Beginn des Durchrieselns oder 1-6 Wo chen danach ausgedünnt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß für einen maximalen Zuwachs der Beerengröße das Ausdünnen während des Fruchtansatzes oder sobald wie möglich danach erfolgen sollte

Chemical thinning of grape clusters (Vitis vinifera L.)

Twelve thinning compounds were tested at 0.1 to 4,000 ppm on 'Carignane' and 'Thompson Seedless' clusters at 4 developmental stages (prebloom, bloom, fruit-set, and 2 weeks after fruit-set). Clusters were usually least sensitive to the compounds ut post fruit-set and, in general, 'Thompson Seedless' was more sensitive than 'Carignane'. On 'Thompson Seedless' the morphactin IT 5733 had a wider activity range than IT 5732 or IT 4433. Potassium iodide reduced set when applied at prebloom or bloom. Ethephon was usually effective at some concentration at all growth stages. Ascorbic acid, iso-ascorbic acid, and Pennthin usually were not significantly effective in thinning either cultivar.The 3-CPA had a wide range of activity on both cultivars at most stages of growth, and this compound at 10 ppm reduced number of berries at bloom and fruit set for 'Carignane' and 'Thompson Seedless', respectively. Iodoacetic acid at 1,000 ppm was effective in reducing number of berries in both cultivars at all growth stages. The 4-CPA at 100 ppm was effective at prebloom stage en 'Carignane', and .'.lt bloom on 'Thompson Seedless'. Salicylic acid at 1,000 ppm effectively reduced number of berries of each cultivar when applied at fruit-set stage

Use of differential thermal analysis to quantify bud cold hardiness of grape selections and clones

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to characterize primary bud mid-winter cold hardiness of Vitis spp. Bud hardiness reached a maximum and was rather stable during the months of January and February at Geneva, New York. Because cold tolerance increases during periods of prolonged cold, observed freezing temperature was adjusted on the basis of the freezing temperature of cv. Concord on the day of observation. DTA gives reproducible and meaningful estimates of bud freezing temperature. Such data account for at least 50 % of the among-cultivar variance in overall vine cold hardiness

MOS CCDs for the wide field imager on the XEUS spacecraft

In recent years the XEUS mission concept has evolved and has been the subject of several industrial studies. The mission concept has now matured to the point that it could be proposed for a Phase A study and subsequent flight programme. The key feature of XEUS will be its X-ray optic with collecting area ~30-100x that of XMM. The mission is envisaged at an orbit around the L2 point in space, and is formed from two spacecraft; one for the mirrors, and the other for the focal plane detectors. With a focal length of 50m, the plate scale of the optic is 6.5x that of XMM, which using existing focal plane technology will reduce the effective field of view to a few arc minutes. Cryogenic instrumentation, with detector sizes of a few mm can only be used for narrow field studies of target objects, and a wide field instrument is under consideration using a DEPFET pixel array to image out to a diameter of 5 arcminutes, requiring an array of dimension 70mm. It is envisaged to extend this field of view possibly out to 15 arcminutes through the use of an outer detection ring comprised of MOS CCD

Response of Thompson Seedless grapes to prebloom thinning

Paired treatments with and without application of GA at bloom were applied to Thompson Seedless vines that were cluster-thinned at prebloom, and berrythinned at shatter, cluster-thinned and berry-thinned at prebloom, or cluster-thinned and berry-thinned at shatter stage following bloom. Unsprayed clusters from vines that were cluster-thinned at prebloom or cluster- and berrythinned at prebloom stage were very compact. All combinations of thinning that included applications of GA at bloom produced clusters that were looser than the corresponding unsprayed clusters. GA increased berry size, and clusters that received GA usually had fewer shot berries than did corresponding unsprayed clusters. Prebloom thinning increased the number of berries per cm. of lateral, but applications of GA at bloom greatly decreased the amount of set. A reduction of flower shatter occurred as a results of prebloom thinning

Microminiaturized, biopotential conditioning system (MBCS)

Multichannel, medical monitoring system allows almost complete freedom of movement for subject during monitoring periods. System comprises monitoring unit (biobelt), transmission line, and data acquisition unit. Belt, made of polybenzimidizole fabric, is wrapped around individual's waist and held in place by overlapping sections of Velcro closure material

Relation of plant regulators to bud rest in Vitis vinifera grapes

A large varietal difference was noted in time required for grape buds to terminate rest. 'Pearl of Csaba' and seedless varieties terminated rest most rapidly. Exogenous applications of benzyladenine (BA) at 1000 ppm or of N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-9) at 2000 ppm hastened termination of rest. Benzothiazole-2(-oxyacetic acid (BOA) at 1000 ppm and 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride CCC) at 200 or 2000 ppm markedly delayed it.In cuttings of 'St. Emilion' treated with exogenous BA, much inhibitor disappeared from the treated buds within 10 days after treatment. We suggest that the effect of BA in terminating rest may be due to its destructive effect on inhibitor concentration in the bud.Inhibitory substances were present in buds from 'St. Emilion' from December 5 through the dormant season. The compounds disappeared and stimulatory activity increased at the start of shoot growth