Autonomous shipping — an analysis of the maritime stakeholder perspectives

Several major initiatives have been undertaken worldwide towards the development and commercialisation of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs). This study aims at capturing the current understanding and perspectives of the maritime industry stakeholders pertinent to the challenges and requirements for the design and operation of MASSs. A methodological approach consisting of five steps is followed. A questionnaire is developed and employed to conduct two surveys among the identified maritime industry stakeholders. Subsequently, the acquired response results are analysed, whereas statistical metrics are calculated and comparatively assessed using the box plot method, to provide evidence for identifying the perspectives and gaps from the considered stakeholders’ groups. Recommendations are provided for addressing these gaps, whereas further initiatives required in the maritime industry are also highlighted. This study contributes to the better understanding on the perspectives of the maritime industry stakeholders, whereas the results can support the prioritisation of future initiatives towards addressing existing barriers and overcome misconceptions for the next-generation autonomous shipping

Equations Of Thermodynamic For Expansion And Filling By Human Civilization

Civilization of people is presented as a thermodynamic nonequilibrium system with all types of human activity including the territory of residence. The main types and aspects of human's activity are presented as thermo dynamic energies or extensials, and their derivatives as the speed of their development or intensials. Territories of peoples' residence are presented as hierarchies of areas or volumes of the thermodynamic nonequilibrium system. The representation of states or their unions in the form of thermodynamic models of nonequilibrium systems with their equations and taking into account the hierarchy of their sub-territories that give a possibility to calculate and avoid wars, revolutions, pandemics in certain states, unions of states and continents. Separately, given an group of equations for taking into account the relations of individuals in society, their consumer basket, an increasing or decreasing in the population of people living in a given territory. Thermodynamic nonequilibrium models and equations have been applied for expansion and filling by civilization of new territories and transition her to a new level