Investigation on inkjet printing for electromagnetic applications

In numerous interconnected radio frequency applications electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and attenuation of electromagnetic waves has to be observed. In case of electromagnetic devices (e.g. magnetic resonance tomography, radar. . . ) with high output power it is important to shield EMC sensitive devices close to. Or in case of commercial Wi-Fi and Bluetooth applications for example in automobiles limiting of the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth network to a defined area to protect these wireless networks from unwanted external access and disturbances is crucial. First of all a brief investigation on inkjet-printed silver lines on flexible films is demonstrated. The geometrical and electrical properties of the lines are the basis for the realization of silver grids which can be used on the one hand to attenuate electromagnetic waves locally or on the other hand to protect EMC sensitive devices close to electromagnetic transmitters. The inkjet-printing technology is a resource, time as well as cost efficient manufacturing method for various electronic devices. Small amounts of functional material can be applied on flexible substrates. Inkjet-printed silver grids are investigated with regard to precise line geometries given by simulations. The deviation of the printed line widths from the simulated ones should be kept as small as possible to realize the intended attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation in a specified frequency range

Investigation on inkjet printing for electromagnetic compatibility application

The research focused on the development of inkjet-printed silver grids on flexible films to (I) attenuate electromagnetic waves at 2.45 GHz locally by applying them directly on Wi-Fi or Bluetooth transmitter or to (II) protect electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) sensitive devices close to electromagnetic transmitters. The inkjet printing technology leads to resource, time as well as cost efficient manufacturing and simplifies the adjustment of the pattern design regarding different applications. The research contains a fundamental analysis of the behavior of printed silver patterns on flexible polymer substrates regarding line widths, layer morphology and electrical performance. On that basis, the grid pattern for a certain frequency range is simulated. The report shows first simulation results on basis of the given material parameters. The results are the fundamentals for further research on realization of the simulated grid patterns by inkjet printing technology

Direct observations of sea-ice thickness and brine rejection off Sakhalin in the Sea of Okhotsk

From December to June 2002-03, sea-ice and oceanic data were obtained from moorings near Sakhalin in the west central Okhotsk Sea. Ice draft measured by sonar reveals distinct periods of thin and thick ice. Thin-ice periods in January-March corresponded to offshore ice movement and increasing seawater salinity. The measured change in salinity corresponds well with that derived from heat-flux calculations using the observed ice thickness. Brine rejection from ice growing in a coastal polynya off northern Sakhalin is responsible for much of the observed salinity increase. The simultaneous observation of Dense shelf water (> 26.7σθ) suggests that this region is one possible source. The periods of thick-ice incursion are likely indicative of heavily deformed pack formed further north and drifting south with the current. The mean draft (1.95 m), thick-ice ratio, and keel frequency during these periods are close to values observed in the Beaufort Sea. Freshwater transport estimated from the observed ice thickness and velocity is larger than that of the Amur River discharge

National character research paradigms

The study objective is to analyze various approaches to the national identity problem.The leading research method is paradigmatic analysis of various conceptual and disciplinary approaches to the studies of both national character and identity of ethnic communities.As a result, the empirical and sociological paradigm stresses particular mechanisms of personal ethnic and national identification as well as the interaction of ethnic identity with other identity types, in particular social institutions and groups studied with the methods of experimental sociology. In conclusion, the integration function is the most adequate for interpretation of national identity under the philosophic and cultural paradigmEl objetivo del estudio es analizar diversos enfoques del problema de identidad nacional. El principal método de investigación es el análisis paradigmático de diversos enfoques conceptuales y disciplinarios para los estudios de carácter nacional e identidad de las comunidades étnicas. Como resultado, el paradigma empírico y sociológico acentúa los mecanismos particulares de identificación étnica y nacional personal, así como la interacción de la identidad étnica con otros tipos de identidad, en particular las instituciones sociales y los grupos estudiados con los métodos de la sociología experimental. En conclusión, la función de integración es la más adecuada para la interpretación de la identidad nacional bajo el paradigma filosófico y cultural

Electroanalysis moves towards paper-based printed electronics: carbon black nanomodified inkjet-printed sensor for ascorbic acid detection as a case study

Herein we demonstrated, for the first time, the possibility to use the paper employed in printed electronics (i.e. p_e:smart) as substrate to develop a paper-based sensor. To improve the electrochemical performances of the inkjet-printed sensor, a dispersion based on carbon black nanoparticles was used to modify the working electrode, allowing for a highly performant nanomodified electrochemical sensor platform. This disposable sensor was characterized both electrochemically and morphologically, and it has been successively challenged towards a model analyte namely ascorbic acid. It has been evidenced that the presence of carbon black as nanomodifier decreased the overpotential for ascorbic acid oxidation (from 0.47 V to 0.28 V) with respect to the unmodified sensor and boosted the sensitivity (ca. 3-times). The applicability of this printed electrochemical sensor was demonstrated for the detection of ascorbic acid in a dietary supplement, quantifying 999 ± 130 mg with respect to the 1000 mg reported on the label

Inkjet printing of patterned nanocarbon absorber layers for pyroelectric infrared detectors

Several strategies to use inkjet-printing as a mean to generate patterned absorber layers on LiTaO3 substrates for pyroelectric infrared (IR) detectors are reported. In detail, an alternative path to State-of-the-art technolgies like unpatterned spray coating or high-temperature chemical vapor deposition is introduced in order to deposite absorbing black layers within the pyroelectric detector manufacturing process. Experimental results obtained with commercial inkjet inks and usage of alternative pigments such as single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs, MWCNTs) are reported