Laparoscopy in diagnosis and extension of peritoneal carcinomatosis

INTRODUÇÃO: O método laparoscópico é efetivo no diagnóstico e verificação do estádio das neoplasias malignas intra-abdominais e permite a exploração do comprometimento da serosa gástrica, folhetos peritoneais parietal e visceral, fígado, epíplons, cavidade pélvica e outros órgãos da cavidade abdominal, e coleta de líquido ascítico. OBJETIVO: Relatar a técnica do método videolaparoscópico e como realizá-lo com vistas à carcinomatose peritoneal. MÉTODO: Após a introdução sob visão direta do trocarte na região da cicatriz umbilical, esvazia-se a ascite ao máximo. Coleta-se fluido peritoneal para realização de exame citológico, evitando-se contaminação com sangue para não diminuir a sensibilidade do método. Se não houver ascite, pode-se realizar o lavado peritoneal. As liberações de bridas e aderências podem ser realizadas previamente à exploração da cavidade e também várias biópsias do peritônio parietal, diafragma, omento e cavidade pélvica para confirmação. Para se determinar se o paciente é candidato à peritoniectomia e/ou quimioterapia hipertérmica intra-abdominal, realiza-se o índice de carcinomatose peritoneal, tendo-se por base a distribuição e o tamanho dos nódulos. Para que isto ocorra é essencial a utilização de mesa operatória com capacidade de se mover para as posições de Trendelenburg, proclive e laterais. CONCLUSÃO: O método laparoscópico apresenta-se bom para se avaliar ascite, metástases hepática e peritoneal, podendo atingir eficiência, sensibilidade e especificidade de até 100% para os referidos atributos. Ele deve ser realizado quando existir suspeita clínica de difusão intraperitoneal da neoplasia não confirmada pelos métodos diagnósticos por imagem.INTRODUCTION: The laparoscopic procedure is effective in the diagnosis and verification of level of intra-abdominal malignancies and allows exploration of commitment of the serosa, parietal and visceral peritoneum, liver, epiíplon, pelvic cavity and other organs of the abdominal cavity, and permit to deal with ascites. AIM: To describe laparoscopic technique and method to accomplish the peritoneal carcinomatosis status and indications for peritoniectomies. METHODS: After the introduction of the trocar under direct vision in the region of the umbilicus it is possible to empty ascites to the fullest, and collect material for cytological examination, avoiding contamination with blood. If there is no ascites, peritoneal lavage can be performed. Releases adhesions and adhesions can be also done prior to the operation of the cavity and also several biopsies of parietal peritoneum, diaphragm, omentum and pelvic cavity for confirmation. To determine whether the patient is a candidate for peritoniectomy and / or intra-abdominal hyperthermic chemotherapy, it can permit the realization of index of peritoneal carcinomatosis. For this to occur is essential to use the operating table with the ability to move the positions of Trendelemburg, proclivity and sides. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic method is good to evaluate ascites, hepatic and peritoneal metastases, and may achieve efficiency, sensitivity and specificity of 100% for these attributes. It should be performed when there is clinical suspicion of intraperitoneal dissemination, but no diagnostic imaging confirmation

Tracking precursor lesions of anal squamous cell carcinoma in individuals with HIV

INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma espino-celular do canal anal é doença que atinge os adultos de meia idade e corresponde a 4% dos cânceres do trato gastrointestinal baixo. Na população geral a incidência é de 1 em 100.000 habitantes, e entre os homens que fazem sexo com homens essa incidência atinge 35 por 100.000 habitantes, sendo que os portadores de HIV têm esse risco duplicado (70 por 100.000 habitantes). MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão da literatura com consulta nos periódicos das bases Medline/Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs cruzando os descritores Rastreamento, Lesões pré-cancerosas, Neoplasias do ânus e HIV. Além da revisão bibliográfica, foi adicionada a este trabalho a experiência pessoal dos autores, e a obtida no Departamento de Gastroenterologia - Divisão Cirúrgica, no ICESP - Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo Octávio Frias de Oliveira, no Departamento de Moléstias Infeciosas - Casa da AIDS e no Serviço de Coloproctologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. CONCLUSÕES: HIV+ é um grande fator de risco no desenvolvimento de carcinoma espino-celular anal em indivíduos infectados por HPV. A avaliação desses pacientes não deve se restringir à erradicação de condilomas, mas principalmente incluir o rastreamento de lesões displásicas subclínicas potencialmente neoplásicas. Apesar dos métodos de rastreamento ainda não serem ideais, o grande benefício do rastreamento baseia-se no fato de oferecer acompanhamento rigoroso, tornando possível à prevenção ou detecção cada vez mais precoce do carcinoma espino-celular anal.INTRODUCTION: Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal is a disease that affects the middle-aged adults and accounts for 4% of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract below. In the general population the incidence is 1 in 100,000, and among men who have sex with men the incidence is 35 per 100,000 inhabitants, those with HIV have doubled this risk (70 per 100,000 inhabitants). METHODS: Was performed literature review in consultation with periodic Medline / Pubmed, Lilacs and Scielo crossing Trackingm, Precancerous conditions, Anus neoplasms and HIV descriptors. Besides the review,was added to this work the authors'personal experiences, and obtained at the Department of Gastroenterology - Surgical Division, in ICESP - Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira, in Department of Diseases Infectious - House of AIDS and in the Department of Coloproctology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: HIV + is a major risk factor in developing squamous cell carcinoma anal in individuals infected with HPV. The evaluation of these patients should not restrict itself to the eradication of warts, but mainly include the screening of subclinical dysplastic lesions potentially neoplastic. Despite the screening methods are still not ideal, the great benefit of screening is based on the fact offer closely monitored, making possible the prevention or detection of increasingly early anal squamous cell carcinoma

Avaliação de desempenho de hospitais que prestam atendimento pelo sistema público de saúde, Brasil

OBJETIVO Analisar se porte, esfera administrativa, natureza jurídica, tipo de unidade e atividade de ensino influenciam o desempenho de rede hospitalar prestadora de serviços ao Sistema Único de Saúde.MÉTODOS Neste estudo transversal foram avaliados dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares e no Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde de 2012, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram calculados indicadores de desempenho como: relação de pessoas por leito; valor médio da autorização de internação hospitalar paga; taxa de ocupação hospitalar; tempo médio de permanência; índice de rotatividade; e taxa de mortalidade hospitalar. Dados foram expressos em média e desvio-padrão. Os grupos foram comparados utilizando-se análise de variância (ANOVA) e correção de Bonferroni.RESULTADOS A taxa de ocupação hospitalar em hospitais de pequeno porte mostrou-se inferior a de hospitais de porte médio, grande e especial. Observaram-se maiores taxas de ocupação hospitalar e índice de rotatividade nos hospitais com atividade de ensino. A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar apresentou-se inferior nos hospitais especializados, em comparação com hospitais gerais, apesar da maior proporção de internações de alta complexidade. Não foram observadas diferenças entre hospitais da administração direta e indireta para a maioria dos indicadores analisados.CONCLUSÕES O estudo indicou a importância do efeito escala para a eficiência, de modo que hospitais de maior porte apresentaram desempenho superior. A presença de atividades de ensino determinou maior desempenho operacional, ainda que tenha se associado à importante utilização de recursos humanos e de estrutura de alta complexidade. Os hospitais especializados apresentaram taxa de mortalidade hospitalar sensivelmente inferior a de hospitais gerais, indicando o efeito positivo do volume de procedimentos e da tecnologia empregada sobre o desfecho clínico. As análises relativas à esfera administrativa e à natureza jurídica não mostraram diferenças significativas de desempenho entre as categorias de hospitais públicos.OBJECTIVE To analyze if size, administrative level, legal status, type of unit and educational activity influence the hospital network performance in providing services to the Brazilian Unified Health System.METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated data from the Hospital Information System and the Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (National Registry of Health Facilities), 2012, in Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. We calculated performance indicators, such as: the ratio of hospital employees per bed; mean amount paid for admission; bed occupancy rate; average length of stay; bed turnover index and hospital mortality rate. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni correction.RESULTS The hospital occupancy rate in small hospitals was lower than in medium, big and special-sized hospitals. Higher hospital occupancy rate and bed turnover index were observed in hospitals that include education in their activities. The hospital mortality rate was lower in specialized hospitals compared to general ones, despite their higher proportion of highly complex admissions. We found no differences between hospitals in the direct and indirect administration for most of the indicators analyzed.CONCLUSIONS The study indicated the importance of the scale effect on efficiency, and larger hospitals had a higher performance. Hospitals that include education in their activities had a higher operating performance, albeit with associated importance of using human resources and highly complex structures. Specialized hospitals had a significantly lower rate of mortality than general hospitals, indicating the positive effect of the volume of procedures and technology used on clinical outcomes. The analysis related to the administrative level and legal status did not show any significant performance differences between the categories of public hospitals

Avaliação de desempenho de hospitais que prestam atendimento pelo sistema público de saúde, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar se porte, esfera administrativa, natureza jurídica, tipo de unidade e atividade de ensino influenciam o desempenho de rede hospitalar prestadora de serviços ao Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo transversal foram avaliados dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares e no Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde de 2012, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram calculados indicadores de desempenho como: relação de pessoas por leito; valor médio da autorização de internação hospitalar paga; taxa de ocupação hospitalar; tempo médio de permanência; índice de rotatividade; e taxa de mortalidade hospitalar. Dados foram expressos em média e desvio-padrão. Os grupos foram comparados utilizando-se análise de variância (ANOVA) e correção de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: A taxa de ocupação hospitalar em hospitais de pequeno porte mostrou-se inferior a de hospitais de porte médio, grande e especial. Observaram-se maiores taxas de ocupação hospitalar e índice de rotatividade nos hospitais com atividade de ensino. A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar apresentou-se inferior nos hospitais especializados, em comparação com hospitais gerais, apesar da maior proporção de internações de alta complexidade. Não foram observadas diferenças entre hospitais da administração direta e indireta para a maioria dos indicadores analisados. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo indicou a importância do efeito escala para a eficiência, de modo que hospitais de maior porte apresentaram desempenho superior. A presença de atividades de ensino determinou maior desempenho operacional, ainda que tenha se associado à importante utilização de recursos humanos e de estrutura de alta complexidade. Os hospitais especializados apresentaram taxa de mortalidade hospitalar sensivelmente inferior a de hospitais gerais, indicando o efeito positivo do volume de procedimentos e da tecnologia empregada sobre o desfecho clínico. As análises relativas à esfera administrativa e à natureza jurídica não mostraram diferenças significativas de desempenho entre as categorias de hospitais públicos.OBJECTIVE: To analyze if size, administrative level, legal status, type of unit and educational activity influence the hospital network performance in providing services to the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated data from the Hospital Information System and the Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (National Registry of Health Facilities), 2012, in Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. We calculated performance indicators, such as: the ratio of hospital employees per bed; mean amount paid for admission; bed occupancy rate; average length of stay; bed turnover index and hospital mortality rate. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The hospital occupancy rate in small hospitals was lower than in medium, big and special-sized hospitals. Higher hospital occupancy rate and bed turnover index were observed in hospitals that include education in their activities. The hospital mortality rate was lower in specialized hospitals compared to general ones, despite their higher proportion of highly complex admissions. We found no differences between hospitals in the direct and indirect administration for most of the indicators analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated the importance of the scale effect on efficiency, and larger hospitals had a higher performance. Hospitals that include education in their activities had a higher operating performance, albeit with associated importance of using human resources and highly complex structures. Specialized hospitals had a significantly lower rate of mortality than general hospitals, indicating the positive effect of the volume of procedures and technology used on clinical outcomes. The analysis related to the administrative level and legal status did not show any significant performance differences between the categories of public hospitals

Management\u27s Perspective on Critical Success Factors Affecting Mobile Learning in Higher Education Institutions - An Empirical Study

Mobile learning (m-Learning) is considered to be one of the fastest growing learning platforms. The immense interest in m-Learning is attributed to the incredible rate of growth of mobile technology and its proliferation into every aspect of modern life. Despite this, m-Learning has not experienced a similar adoption rate in the education sector, chiefly higher education. Researchers have attempted to explain this anomaly by conducting several studies in the area. However, mostly the research in m-Learning is examined from the perspective of the students and educators. In this research, it is contended that there is a third important stakeholder group whose opinion is equally important in determining the success of m-Learning: the university management. Although diversified by nature, heads of departments, deans, and information technology system administrators are nevertheless considered members of any university management. The results of the research show that university commitment to m-Learning, university learning practices, and change management practices were the factors critical to the success of m-Learning, from the university management perspective

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome

The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62798/1/409860a0.pd

Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children

Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children

Estenose arterial pós-transplante hepático: tratamento com angioplastia transluminal percutânea

Vascular complications after liver transplantation include oclusion or stenosis at the sites of anastomosis in the hepatic artery, portal vein, and vena cava. Balloon angioplasty of these stenosis carries little risk and is a useful procedure for the treatment of these problems. The purpose of this paper was to assess whether percutaneous transluminal angioplasty can help to prolong allograft survival and impruve allograft function in patient with hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation. We report a 43-year-old mate with stenosis of hepatic artery anastomosis after liver transplantation. An abrupt elevation of liver enzymes and serum bilirrubin levels was noted on the fifth postoperative month. The patient underwent percutaneous liver biopsy, which revealed important ductal depletion due to hypoperfusion, even though Doppler ultrasound examination demonstrated arterial flow. An angiogram confirmed severe stenosis of the arterial anastomosis with poor intraparenchymal arterial perfusion pattern. In an attempt to preserve the graft, a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed using microballoons mounted on a hydrophylic micro guidewire. Intervention proceeded without complications. Liver enzimes and bilirrubin levels decreased within twenty-four hours of angioplasty. Normal levels were achieved after one week. Seven month after angioplasty, the patient is in a optimal clinical condition with no signs of graft impairment. We conclude that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation is relatively safe and may help decrease allograft loss