2,745 research outputs found
Electroreflectance spectroscopy in self-assembled quantum dots: lens symmetry
Modulated electroreflectance spectroscopy of semiconductor
self-assembled quantum dots is investigated. The structure is modeled as dots
with lens shape geometry and circular cross section. A microscopic description
of the electroreflectance spectrum and optical response in terms of an external
electric field () and lens geometry have been considered. The field
and lens symmetry dependence of all experimental parameters involved in the
spectrum have been considered. Using the effective mass formalism
the energies and the electronic states as a function of and dot
parameters are calculated. Also, in the framework of the strongly confined
regime general expressions for the excitonic binding energies are reported.
Optical selection rules are derived in the cases of the light wave vector
perpendicular and parallel to . Detailed calculation of the Seraphin
coefficients and electroreflectance spectrum are performed for the InAs and
CdSe nanostructures. Calculations show good agreement with measurements
recently performed on CdSe/ZnSe when statistical distribution on size is
considered, explaining the main observed characteristic in the
electroreflectance spectra
The Electron Glass in a Switchable Mirror: Relaxation, Aging and Universality
The rare earth hydride YH can be tuned through the
metal-insulator transition both by changing and by illumination with
ultraviolet light. The transition is dominated by strong electron-electron
interactions, with transport in the insulator sensitive to both a Coulomb gap
and persistent quantum fluctuations. Via a systematic variation of UV
illumination time, photon flux, Coulomb gap depth, and temperature, we
demonstrate that polycrystalline YH serves as a model system for
studying the properties of the interacting electron glass. Prominent among its
features are logarithmic relaxation, aging, and universal scaling of the
conductivity
Monte-Carlo Simulations of the Dynamical Behavior of the Coulomb Glass
We study the dynamical behavior of disordered many-particle systems with
long-range Coulomb interactions by means of damage-spreading simulations. In
this type of Monte-Carlo simulations one investigates the time evolution of the
damage, i.e. the difference of the occupation numbers of two systems, subjected
to the same thermal noise. We analyze the dependence of the damage on
temperature and disorder strength. For zero disorder the spreading transition
coincides with the equilibrium phase transition, whereas for finite disorder,
we find evidence for a dynamical phase transition well below the transition
temperature of the pure system.Comment: 10 pages RevTeX, 8 Postscript figure
Attention bias and anxiety in young children exposed to family violence
Background—Attention bias towards threat is associated with anxiety in older youth and adults and has been linked with violence exposure. Attention bias may moderate the relationship between violence exposure and anxiety in young children. Capitalizing on measurement advances, the current study examines these relationships at a younger age than previously possible. Methods—Young children (mean age 4.7, ±0.8) from a cross-sectional sample oversampled for violence exposure (N = 218) completed the dot-probe task to assess their attention biases. Observed fear/anxiety was characterized with a novel observational paradigm, the Anxiety Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Mother-reported symptoms were assessed with the Preschool-Age Psychiatric Assessment and Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children. Violence exposure was characterized with dimensional scores reflecting probability of membership in two classes derived via latent class analysis from the Conflict Tactics Scales: Abuse and Harsh Parenting. Results—Family violence predicted greater child anxiety and trauma symptoms. Attention bias moderated the relationship between violence and anxiety
Temperature dependence of the electron spin g factor in GaAs
The temperature dependence of the electron spin factor in GaAs is
investigated experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, the factor
was measured using time-resolved Faraday rotation due to Larmor precession of
electron spins in the temperature range between 4.5 K and 190 K. The experiment
shows an almost linear increase of the value with the temperature. This
result is in good agreement with other measurements based on photoluminescence
quantum beats and time-resolved Kerr rotation up to room temperature. The
experimental data are described theoretically taking into account a diminishing
fundamental energy gap in GaAs due to lattice thermal dilatation and
nonparabolicity of the conduction band calculated using a five-level kp model.
At higher temperatures electrons populate higher Landau levels and the average
factor is obtained from a summation over many levels. A very good
description of the experimental data is obtained indicating that the observed
increase of the spin factor with the temperature is predominantly due to
band's nonparabolicity.Comment: 6 pages 4 figure
On dispersive energy transport and relaxation in the hopping regime
A new method for investigating relaxation phenomena for charge carriers
hopping between localized tail states has been developed. It allows us to
consider both charge and energy {\it dispersive} transport. The method is based
on the idea of quasi-elasticity: the typical energy loss during a hop is much
less than all other characteristic energies. We have investigated two models
with different density of states energy dependencies with our method. In
general, we have found that the motion of a packet in energy space is affected
by two competing tendencies. First, there is a packet broadening, i.e. the
dispersive energy transport. Second, there is a narrowing of the packet, if the
density of states is depleting with decreasing energy. It is the interplay of
these two tendencies that determines the overall evolution. If the density of
states is constant, only broadening exists. In this case a packet in energy
space evolves into Gaussian one, moving with constant drift velocity and mean
square deviation increasing linearly in time. If the density of states depletes
exponentially with decreasing energy, the motion of the packet tremendously
slows down with time. For large times the mean square deviation of the packet
becomes constant, so that the motion of the packet is ``soliton-like''.Comment: 26 pages, RevTeX, 10 EPS figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Non-Markovian Configurational Diffusion and Reaction Coordinates for Protein Folding
The non-Markovian nature of polymer motions is accounted for in folding
kinetics, using frequency-dependent friction. Folding, like many other problems
in the physics of disordered systems, involves barrier crossing on a correlated
energy landscape. A variational transition state theory (VTST) that reduces to
the usual Bryngelson-Wolynes Kramers approach when the non-Markovian aspects
are neglected is used to obtain the rate, without making any assumptions
regarding the size of the barrier, or the memory time of the friction. The
transformation to collective variables dependent on the dynamics of the system
allows the theory to address the controversial issue of what are ``good''
reaction coordinates for folding.Comment: 9 pages RevTeX, 3 eps-figures included, submitted to PR
Electronic correlation effects and the Coulomb gap at finite temperature
We have investigated the effect of the long-range Coulomb interaction on the
one-particle excitation spectrum of n-type Germanium, using tunneling
spectroscopy on mechanically controllable break junctions. The tunnel
conductance was measured as a function of energy and temperature. At low
temperatures, the spectra reveal a minimum at zero bias voltage due to the
Coulomb gap. In the temperature range above 1 K the Coulomb gap is filled by
thermal excitations. This behavior is reflected in the temperature dependence
of the variable-range hopping resitivity measured on the same samples: Up to a
few degrees Kelvin the Efros-Shkovskii ln law is obeyed,
whereas at higher temperatures deviations from this law are observed,
indicating a cross-over to Mott's ln law. The mechanism of
this cross-over is different from that considered previously in the literature.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure
Hopping Conduction in Uniaxially Stressed Si:B near the Insulator-Metal Transition
Using uniaxial stress to tune the critical density near that of the sample,
we have studied in detail the low-temperature conductivity of p-type Si:B in
the insulating phase very near the metal-insulator transition. For all values
of temperature and stress, the conductivity collapses onto a single universal
scaling curve. For large values of the argument, the scaling function is well
fit by the exponentially activated form associated with variable range hopping
when electron-electron interactions cause a soft Coulomb gap in the density of
states at the Fermi energy. The temperature dependence of the prefactor,
corresponding to the T-dependence of the critical curve, has been determined
reliably for this system, and is proportional to the square-root of T. We show
explicitly that nevlecting the prefactor leads to substantial errors in the
determination of the scaling parameters and the critical exponents derived from
them. The conductivity is not consistent with Mott variable-range hopping in
the critical region nor does it obey this form for any range of the parameters.
Instead, for smaller argument of the scaling function, the conductivity of Si:B
is well fit by an exponential form with exponent 0.31 related to the critical
exponents of the system at the metal- insulator transition.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure
Fractional excretion of sodium after renal transplantation
Fractional excretion of sodium after renal transplantation. After renal transplantation low urinary sodium concentration (UNa) has been used to diagnose acute rejection (AR), for the early phase of AR is often associated with reduced renal perfusion. Early postoperative graft failure without low UNa favors the diagnosis of ischemic tubular damage (ATN). As fractional excretion of filtered sodium (FENa) better reflects glomerulotubular balance in renal sodium handling, FENa was analyzed during the first 2 weeks in 118 renal allografts. From data on 41 transplants with good early renal function (GEF), a temporal profile of FENa was obtained and used to evaluate the behavior of FFNa by means of standardized FENa (z score). Individual subjects followed their own profile with a small deviation (Δz < 1.4 for 2 days). In 31 instances, acute rejection was diagnosed. In 14 with AR, the z score deviated little; 2 responded to methylprednisolone given intravenously. In 17 with AR, the z score fell significantly (Δz > 1.5 for 2 days), an average of 2.6 days before the first rise in serum creatinine concentration; 15 responded to treatment. The difference between these two groups was significant (P < 0.001). This functional heterogeneity and different responses to treatment may indicate different immunologic mechanisms which damage different target cells in the graft in AR. In 46 patients with acute tubular necrosis after cadaver kidney transplantation FENa was significantly higher than it was in the GEF group as early as the first posttransplantation day and approached normal as the renal function recovered. This behavior of FENa was clearly different from that in AR.Excrétion fractionnelle du sodium après transplantation rénale. Après transplantation rénale une concentration urinaire de sodium (UNa) faible est considérée comme un signe de rejet aigu (AR), du fait que la phase précoce du rejet est souvent associée à une diminution du débit rénal. L'échec précoce d'une greffe sans abaissement de UNa est en faveur d'une tubulopathie ischémique (ATN). Puisque l'excrétion fractionnelle du sodium filtré (FENa) est le meilleur reflet de l'équilibre glomérulo-tubulaire concernant le sodium, FENa a été étudiée pendant les 2 premières semaines d'évolution de 118 allogreffes rénales. A partir de l'observation de 41 transplants ayant eu un bon fonctionnement précoce (GEF) un profil de FENa en fonction du temps a été obtenu et utilisé pour évaluer le comportement de FENa au moyen d'une FENa standardisée (test z). Les sujets ont suivi leur propre profil avec une déviation faible (Δz < 1,4 par 2 jours). Le rejet aigu a été diagnostiqué dans 31 cas. Quatorze d'entre eux avaient une déviation minime de z; deux ont répondu à la methylprednisolone i.v. Dix sept sujets avaient une déviation significative de z (Δz > 1,5 par 2 jours), 2,6 jours en moyenne avant la première augmentation de la créatinine; quinze ont répondu au traitement. La différence entre ces deux groupes est significative (P < 0,001). Cette hétérogénéité fonctionnelle et cette différence de réponse au traitement peuvent être la traduction de mécanismes immunologiques différents qui atteignent des cellules cibles de la greffe différentes au cours du rejet aigu. Chez 46 malades ayant des lésions ischémiques après transplantation de reins de cadavre, FENa était significativement plus élevée que dans le groupe GEF dès le premier jour après la transplantation et revenait vers la normale au fur et à mesure que la fonction rénale s'améliorait. Ce comportement de FENa est nettement différent de celui observé dans les rejets aigus
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