Studies of adsorbed phenothiazine antidotes by temperature-programmed desorption with mass-spectrometric analysis

By spectrophotometric and kinetic methods of analysis a study has been made of adsorption of three antidotes of the phenothiazine series on the surface of fumed silica from water solutions. Physical and chemical parameters of adsorption have been calculated. Thermal decomposition of bulk antidotes has been investigated by the temperatureprogrammed desorption technique with the mass-spectrometric registration of volatile constituents (TPD MS) and the results achieved were compared with data for adsorbed samples. For all the samples at the first stage the maximum of HCl evolution is observed at 180°C. For methylene blue and toluidinee dark blue the first stage is accompanied by evolution of CH3Cl (m/z 50). Then the decomposition proceeds through the rupture of thiazine rings. At this stage, at the temperature of maximum 240°C and higher in mass spectra there appear lines at m/z 93, 66, 51 corresponding to molecular decomposition of aniline. Besides, sulfur-containing fragments originating from rupture of thiazine rings (lines at m/z 32, 34, 107, 121, 135) are observed among the lines attributed to products of thermal decomposition of methylene blue and toluidinee dark blue at high temperatures. Comparison of TPD MS experimental data about thermal decomposition of the antidotes in the condensed and adsorbed states has shown that adsorption on highly dispersed silica surface changed dramatically the mechanism of thermal transformations and increased thermal stability of antidote molecules in comparison to that in the condensed state

Влияние миграционных процессов на ситуацию по ВИЧ-инфекции (аналитический обзор)

Today, the unstable political and economic situation in the world has led to an intensified migration and changes in their directions. The legal norms regarding the status of migrants, including people living with HIV, are also changing. Over the past 10 years laws restricting the entry and residence of HIV-infected foreign citizens have been repealed in many countries, but in Russia the deportation and prohibition of long-term stay of HIV positive international migrants are still in effect. This review presents the main aspects of the impact of migration on the spread of HIV in the world and Russia, as well as the possible positive and negative effects of decriminalization of migrants living with HIV in terms of epidemic situation, socio-demographic and economic processes. The argument for retaining the deportation is due to the potential risk of the spread of the disease by foreigners and the unresolved organization of medical care and treatment of HIV infection for foreign migrants, which are provided for Russian citizens from the state budget. On the other hand, the deportation law touches upon ethical aspects, violating freedom of movement, the right to privacy and freedom from discrimination. Despite the presence or absence of restrictive measures against HIV-positive migrants, HIV has spread throughout all countries and led to a global epidemic. Prevention of HIV infection among general population of the country, regardless of their migration status, is a priority on the way to stop the spread of infection. На сегодняшний день нестабильная политическая и экономическая ситуация в мире ведет к активизации миграционных процессов и изменению их направления. Меняются также и правовые нормы в отношении статуса мигрантов, в том числе живущих с ВИЧ. В течение последних 10 лет во многих странах отменены законы, ограничивающие въезд и проживание ВИЧ-инфицированных иностранных граждан, однако в России продолжает сохраняться норма о запрете на долгосрочное пребывание и депортации иностранцев в случае выявления у них ВИЧ-инфекции. В данном обзоре обсуждаются основные аспекты влияния миграционных процессов на распространение ВИЧ в мире и в России, а также возможные позитивные и негативные последствия декриминализации мигрантов, живущих с ВИЧ, для эпидемической ситуации, социально-демографических и экономических процессов. Аргументами в пользу сохранения закона о депортации является потенциальная угроза распространения ВИЧ-инфекции иностранцами среди граждан страны, а также нерешенный вопрос об организации для иностранных мигрантов медицинской помощи и лечения ВИЧ-инфекции, которые для граждан России предоставляются за счет государственного бюджета. С другой стороны, данный закон затрагивает этические аспекты, нарушая свободу передвижения, право на неприкосновенность частной жизни и свободу от дискриминации. Несмотря на наличие или отсутствие ограничительных мер в отношении ВИЧ-положительных мигрантов, ВИЧ проник во все страны мира, его распространение приняло характер пандемии. Для прекращения развития эпидемии ВИЧ-инфекции основные усилия должны быть направлены на профилактику среди всего населения, что предотвратит возможность распространения ВИЧ независимо от миграционных процессов

The impact of migration on HIV infection situation (analytical review)

Today, the unstable political and economic situation in the world has led to an intensified migration and changes in their directions. The legal norms regarding the status of migrants, including people living with HIV, are also changing. Over the past 10 years laws restricting the entry and residence of HIV-infected foreign citizens have been repealed in many countries, but in Russia the deportation and prohibition of long-term stay of HIV positive international migrants are still in effect. This review presents the main aspects of the impact of migration on the spread of HIV in the world and Russia, as well as the possible positive and negative effects of decriminalization of migrants living with HIV in terms of epidemic situation, socio-demographic and economic processes. The argument for retaining the deportation is due to the potential risk of the spread of the disease by foreigners and the unresolved organization of medical care and treatment of HIV infection for foreign migrants, which are provided for Russian citizens from the state budget. On the other hand, the deportation law touches upon ethical aspects, violating freedom of movement, the right to privacy and freedom from discrimination. Despite the presence or absence of restrictive measures against HIV-positive migrants, HIV has spread throughout all countries and led to a global epidemic. Prevention of HIV infection among general population of the country, regardless of their migration status, is a priority on the way to stop the spread of infection. © 2019 Izdatel'stvo Meditsina. All rights reserved

Assessment of the effectiveness of determining the duration of HIV infection by analysis of viral genetic variability

The objective. Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of a method of calculating variable positions in HIV genome for detection of the duration of infection in a cohort of HIV-infected population of Russia. Patients and methods. The effectiveness of the method based on detection of HIV heterogenicity was assessed on 119 plasma specimens of HIV-infected patients with the known date of infection. The average duration of infection was 15 months, and the median - 8 months. In the studied sample, specimens of patients infected less than one year before amounted to 68% (81 of 119). The cohort consisted of 55 women (46%) and 64 men (54%). At the moment of blood testing for studying viral genome the patients' age varied from 0 to 79 years, the mean age was 31 years, median - 31 years. Results. As has been calculated for 119 examined specimens, the linear dependence between the duration of infection and the degree of variability of the sequence can be described by the formula y = 0.0012∗X + 0.0021 (R2 = 0.52). This equation permitted to calculate the variability threshold of 0.33%, which determined the duration of HIV infection as 12 months. Based on the obtained data, we calculated the sensitivity and specificity of the molecular method of detecting recent infection, which were 79.01 and 63.16%, respectively (comparable with previously published data). The duration of infection was calculated for each patient, then it was compared with the duration based on epidemiological data: for 42% of specimens the error in determining the duration of infection was less than 1 years, and for 92% of specimens - less than 3 years. Conclusion. This method might be successfully used in practice to assess the quality of screening programmes of detecting HIV infection performed in various regions and for various risk groups. Also, it might be used to confirm the presence of a recent (less than 1 year) infection

Assessment of the effectiveness of determining the duration of HIV infection by analysis of viral genetic variability

The objective. Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of a method of calculating variable positions in HIV genome for detection of the duration of infection in a cohort of HIV-infected population of Russia. Patients and methods. The effectiveness of the method based on detection of HIV heterogenicity was assessed on 119 plasma specimens of HIV-infected patients with the known date of infection. The average duration of infection was 15 months, and the median - 8 months. In the studied sample, specimens of patients infected less than one year before amounted to 68% (81 of 119). The cohort consisted of 55 women (46%) and 64 men (54%). At the moment of blood testing for studying viral genome the patients' age varied from 0 to 79 years, the mean age was 31 years, median - 31 years. Results. As has been calculated for 119 examined specimens, the linear dependence between the duration of infection and the degree of variability of the sequence can be described by the formula y = 0.0012∗X + 0.0021 (R2 = 0.52). This equation permitted to calculate the variability threshold of 0.33%, which determined the duration of HIV infection as 12 months. Based on the obtained data, we calculated the sensitivity and specificity of the molecular method of detecting recent infection, which were 79.01 and 63.16%, respectively (comparable with previously published data). The duration of infection was calculated for each patient, then it was compared with the duration based on epidemiological data: for 42% of specimens the error in determining the duration of infection was less than 1 years, and for 92% of specimens - less than 3 years. Conclusion. This method might be successfully used in practice to assess the quality of screening programmes of detecting HIV infection performed in various regions and for various risk groups. Also, it might be used to confirm the presence of a recent (less than 1 year) infection

Investigation of neutron emissions from D(d,n)3^{3}He and T(d,n)4^{4} He reactions in a 10 TW picosecond laser facility SOKOL-P

Experimental results on fast neutron generation in D(d,n)$^{3}$He and T(d,n)$^{4}$He reactions in the SOKOL-P laser facility [1] are presented. Solid targets were irradiated by 1.054 ${\rm \mu}$m, s- or p-polarized laser pulses of energy 5-8 J on target and duration 0.85-2 ps. The peak laser intensity was 0.5-2$\cdot$10$^{18}$ W/cm$^{2}$. Flat deuterated plastic (CD$_{2})_{\rm n}$ targets and Ti D$_{\rm \alpha }$T$_{\rm \beta}$ targets were used in experiments. Some experiments were carried out with additional targets placed in front of and behind the laser target. The used (TOF) time-of-flight technique helped identify neutrons from D(d,n)$^{3}$He and T(d,n)$^{4}$He reactions. Yields up to 10$^{6 }$ DD-neutrons and 10$^{7}$ DT-neutrons were measured. Interaction of the fast ion beam with the target can explain the observed yield