Phage typing and sensitivity test to antibiotics of Salmonella enteritidis isolates from Indonesia

Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is frequently implicated in disease outbreaks such as human food poisoning. Phage typing have been proved to be a valuable and sensitive tool in the control of SE infections. The ability of phage to distinguish varieties among apparently identical serotypes led to the development and acceptance of phage typing as a significant epidemiological procedure. To determine the epidemiological pattern of SE, phage typing of 53 SE isolated from various sources in Indonesia during 1991–1999, has been conducted using 16 typing phages of phage typing scheme of SE obtained from the International Collaborating Center for Enteric Phage typing, Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, UK. The lyse blood isosensitest was then used to test the sensitivity of the Salmonella isolates to antibiotics. The phage typing results obtained that of 53 Salmonella isolates there were one S. infantis, one S. berta, and 46 SE phage type 4, 2 SE phage type 7 (from chicken and water), 1 SE phage type 6 (from chicken) and 2 SE phage type 1 (from chicken). SE phage type 4 isolates comprised of 2 isolates from human, 19 isolates from chicken (young and adult), 17 isolates from day old chicks, 4 isolates from fluff, 2 isolates from chicken meat, 1 isolate from poultry farm water, 1 isolate from dog organ. These findings indicated that contaminated chicken appeared to be the sources of human and dog for SE infection. The results of sensitivity test of the isolates to antibiotics showed that most of the Salmonella isolates from Indonesia were resistant to the antibiotics tested. Key Words: Salmonella Enteritidis, Phage typing, Sensitivity test, Indonesia, Chicke

The Extent of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Undergraduate Students : The Effect of Adaptation During Pandemic Covid-19

For more than one year, Covid-19 has been attacking Indonesia; online learning has been used to solve the problem in the academic system. Online learning was not easy to adapt to; some students got depression, stress, and anxiety during their studies. However, students have expected to be able to adapt to this condition. This research aims to describe the condition of depression, stress, and anxiety in undergraduate students after receiving one year more pandemic Covid-19. The participant is 416 students (278 female, 138 male) from 8 faculties in one of the universities in Surabaya, aged 17-21 years and collected by accidental sampling. Students were asked to fill the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS). The data collected were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA. The result showed differences in anxiety and stress between males and females. However, in depression, no differences between males and females. The extent of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate students was in the middle level (273 students). Students used several coping strategies to decrease the depression, anxiety, and stress during online learning, such as leaving their task for a while as a refreshment and then finishing it, sleeping, playing games, watching movies or Korean series, exercising, and eating. Besides that, on average, students have intrinsic motivation to accomplish their tasks and study hard to pursue the future. The student needs to keep preserving their spirit and motivation for education. Hence, academicians need to encourage students to build their intrinsic motivation and understand their responsibility to cure depression, anxiety, and stress

The effectiveness of growth regulators and light color spectrum on callus growth of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume. var. Madiun1

Introduction: Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) play a role in regulating organogenesis and morphogenesis in shoots, roots, and callus formation. Color spectrum of light is one of the quality light factors that affects plant physiological processes. This study aimed to determine the effect of cytokinin and auxin on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium and light on callus induction and proliferation of porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume.) var. Madiun1. Methods: This study used completely randomized design, with the first factor was PGRs (combination auxin and cytokinin) and the second was color spectrum of light (white light, blue light, and its combination) during incubation. Variables observed were emergence time, color, texture, structure and calli growth, also shoots emerging from calli. Results: The results showed an interaction between PGRs with a combination of light color spectrum on callus growth. The fastest callus growth occurred in combination 5.0 mg.l-1 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) with 0.2 mg.l-1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) which was incubated in a combination of white and blue light for 16 hour irradiation. The combination 5.0 mg.l-1 BAP with 0.2 mg.l-1 NAA was able to induce callus emergence time, and the shoots appearing were faster, whereas combination of white and blue light was able to accelerate callus emergence from bulbil and adventitious shoots emergence. Conclusion: The combination of white and blue light color spectrum for 16 hours irradiation can accelerate callus emergence from bulbil and adventitious shoots emerging from calli, and interaction with combination of 5.0 mg.l-1 BAP and 0.2 mg.l-1 NAA can accelerate porang’s callus growth

Glasser’s disease in swine in Batam Island, Riau Province

Glasser’s disease or Haemophilus parasuis in swine causes a considerable economic losses. This disease decreases farm production due to high mortality. In a field investigation, H. parasuis serotype 12 was isolated from the lung of a ten week old post weaning pig suffering from pneumonia in Bulan island, Riau Province. The isolation of H. parasuis in a pig herd showing increasing mortality is the first reported in Indonesia. Antibiotic sensitivity test using disc diffusion methods, showed that the isolate was sensitive to bacitracin, baytril, erythromycin and was resistance to neomycin, kanamycin, doxycyclin, ampicillin and sulphamethoxazol-trimethoprim. Vaccination in weaned piglet using commercial inactivated vaccine was monitored using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Crude extract of culture H. parasuis serotype 12 was used as the ELISA coating antigen. There was no significant immune response detected by ELISA 3 months after vaccination.   Key words: Glasser’s disease, swine, drug sensitivity, ELIS

Glasser’s disease in swine in Batam Island, Riau Province

Glasser’s disease or Haemophilus parasuis in swine causes a considerable economic losses. This disease decreases farm production due to high mortality. In a field investigation, H. parasuis serotype 12 was isolated from the lung of a ten week old post weaning pig suffering from pneumonia in Bulan island, Riau Province. The isolation of H. parasuis in a pig herd showing increasing mortality is the first reported in Indonesia. Antibiotic sensitivity test using disc diffusion methods, showed that the isolate was sensitive to bacitracin, baytril, erythromycin and was resistance to neomycin, kanamycin, doxycyclin, ampicillin and sulphamethoxazol-trimethoprim. Vaccination in weaned piglet using commercial inactivated vaccine was monitored using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Crude extract of culture H. parasuis serotype 12 was used as the ELISA coating antigen. There was no significant immune response detected by ELISA 3 months after vaccination

Phage typing and sensitivity test to antibiotics of Salmonella enteritidis isolates from Indonesia

Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is frequently implicated in disease outbreaks such as human food poisoning. Phage typing have been proved to be a valuable and sensitive tool in the control of SE infections. The ability of phage to distinguish varieties among apparently identical serotypes led to the development and acceptance of phage typing as a significant epidemiological procedure. To determine the epidemiological pattern of SE, phage typing of 53 SE isolated from various sources in Indonesia during 1991–1999, has been conducted using 16 typing phages of phage typing scheme of SE obtained from the International Collaborating Center for Enteric Phage typing, Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, UK. The lyse blood isosensitest was then used to test the sensitivity of the Salmonella isolates to antibiotics. The phage typing results obtained that of 53 Salmonella isolates there were one S. infantis, one S. berta, and 46 SE phage type 4, 2 SE phage type 7 (from chicken and water), 1 SE phage type 6 (from chicken) and 2 SE phage type 1 (from chicken). SE phage type 4 isolates comprised of 2 isolates from human, 19 isolates from chicken (young and adult), 17 isolates from day old chicks, 4 isolates from fluff, 2 isolates from chicken meat, 1 isolate from poultry farm water, 1 isolate from dog organ. These findings indicated that contaminated chicken appeared to be the sources of human and dog for SE infection. The results of sensitivity test of the isolates to antibiotics showed that most of the Salmonella isolates from Indonesia were resistant to the antibiotics tested

Role of fecal calprotectin as a hypoxic intestinal damage biomarker in COVID-19 patients

Background: Gastrointestinal manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appear to be substantial. Fecal calprotectin is a promising biomarker in COVID-19 associated gastrointestinal inflammation; however, its role in the severity of COVID-19 remains limited. We conducted a study to analyze the relationship between the severity of COVID-19 and hypoxic intestinal damage. Methods: We assessed the severity of 44 hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients based on the PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio. Inflammatory markers were measured from blood samples, and fecal calprotectin was obtained from stool samples. Results: Median levels of fecal calprotectin in COVID-19 patients involved in this study (n = 44) were found to be markedly elevated along with the severity of hypoxemia, as seen in the non-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) group 21.4 μg/g (5.2–120.9), mild ARDS 54.30 μg/g (5.2–1393.7), moderate ARDS 169.6 μg/g (43.4–640.5), and severe ARDS 451.6 μg/g (364.5–538.6). We also found significant differences in fecal calprotectin levels based on the severity of ARDS (P < 0.001), and although the patients were divided into ARDS and non-ARDS groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, we found a strong negative correlation between the P/F ratio and fecal calprotectin levels (r = − 0.697, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings support the potential role of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in COVID-19 as a consequence of hypoxic intestinal damage and as suggested by the reduced P/F ratio. Keywords: Fecal calprotectin, P/F ratio, COVID-19, Infectious diseas