Protection Guarantee of Public Health in the Functioning of the Pharmaceutical Market based in the Theory of State Interference in the Economy

Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyse legal solutions determining the principles of undertaking and performing pharmacy activities in Poland, with particular emphasis on the importance of these solutions to guarantee the public health protection in terms of theory of state interference in the economy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article uses the method of analysis of legal regulation and the descriptive method. Findings: The object of pharmacy’s activities is the provision of pharmaceutical services that remain in the domain of practising the profession of pharmacist as a profession of public trust. The provisions of Polish Pharmaceutical Law, shaping the principles of rationing pharmaceutical activities in Poland, and thus determining the subjective structure of the pharmacy market, have undergone a particular change, which entered into force on June 25, 2017, giving rise to polarization of participants in the pharmacy market for entrepreneurs. Practical Implications: Considering the existing differentiation of the pharmaceutical activities model, it is necessary to assess the legal conditions of the public health protection guarantee in the field of the entrepreneur's social interest. This assessment should concern both running a pharmacy by a non-pharmacist and an entrepreneur with the right to practice as a pharmacist. Recognizing the close correlation between the economic objective and the public objective of the pharmacy activities, the question should also be asked about the significant changes in Pharmaceutical Law aimed at strengthening the pharmacist's position as an important participant in the market of pharmacy services. Originality/Value: The implementation of the public health care facility function by the generally accessible pharmacy is in line with the context of public health protection guarantee in the field of the functioning of the pharmacy market, both in terms of the principles of undertaking pharmacy operations as well as legal solutions that determine the pharmacy management model.peer-reviewe

Churches and Religious Organizations as Initiators of Norm Checks before the Constitutional Tribunal

The subject of this paper is analysis of the powers granted to churches and religious organizations in the proceedings before the Constitutional Court. According to the author, this competence is a manifestation of the principle of cooperation of the state and churches and other religious organizations for the common good. Analysed entities are reluctant to use the abovementioned power, so the author reminds the permissible scope of religious organizations applications as well as presents the proceedings before the Constitutional Court, pointing to the specific requirements in this regard for churches and religious organizations

Prosecutor General as an initiator of norm checks before the Constitutional Tribunal

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza zdolności wnioskowej Prokuratora Ge-neralnego w postępowaniu przed Trybunałem Konstytucyjnym w przedmio-cie kontroli hierarchicznej zgodności norm. Tezą artykułu jest brak nieogra-niczonej swobody Prokuratora Generalnego w doborze przedmiotu zaskar-żenia. Autor wskazuje, że ustrojowa pozycja Prokuratora Generalnego jako organu stojącego na straży praworządności powinna mieć zasadniczy wpływ na korzystanie przez niego z kompetencji do inicjowania kontroli norm, do-konywanej przez Trybunał Konstytucyjny.This paper examines powers of the Prosecutor General to lodge motions in the proceedings before the Constitutional Tribunal, concerning checking norms for their hierarchical conformance. The paper asserts that the Prose-cutor General is not fully free as far as selection of the subject of the action is concerned. The system position of the Prosecutor General, or a body meant to uphold the rule of law, in the system should essentially impact the Prosecutor’s use of powers to initiate the check of norms by the Constitu-tional Tribunal

Swedish simple and compound economic nouns (specialist vocabulary) in translation into polish language

Praca ma na celu wyszukanie, analizę oraz porównanie szwedzkich rzeczowników ekonomicznych wraz z ich polskimi odpowiednikami. Wymagane było opisanie rzeczowników prostych i złożonych pod względem budowy i znaczenia w języku szwedzkim. Zebrany materiał pozwolił na dokonanie analizy szwedzkich rzeczowników pod względem budowy, znaczenia oraz funkcji w zdaniu a także porównanie z ich polskimi tłumaczeniami. Materiał do analizy zaczerpnięty ze szwedzkich czasopism ekonomicznych oraz tłumaczenia rzeczowników na język polski są podstawą dla pewnych teorii.The purpose of the master thesis is meant to find, analyze and compare swedish economic nouns with their polish equivalents. It was required to describe simple and compound nouns regarding to construction and meaning in swedish language. The collected material allowed to analyze swedish nouns regarding construction, meaning, function in a sentence and to compare them with their polish equvalents. The material to analysis gathered from swedish economic periodicals and translations of nouns into polish are a base for certain theories.Målet av den här uppsatsen är att hitta, genomföra analys och jämföra svenska ekonomiska substantiv med deras polska motsvarigheter. Det behövdes att beskriva substantiv inom byggnad och betydelse i det svenska språket. Det samlade materialet lät att genomföra analys av svenska substantiv inom byggnad, betydelse, funktion i satsen och att jämföra de med deras polska motsvarigheter. Materialet taget från svenska ekonomiska tidningar och översättning av substantiv till polska är grunden för vissa teorier

The legal and economic characteristics of derivatives with selected elements of financial engineering

Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy jest charakterystyka trzech głównych rodzajów instrumentów pochodnych: kontraktów terminowych (futures, forward), kontraktów swap oraz opcji.Rozdział pierwszy traktuje o derywatach jako odrębnej kategorii instrumentów finansowych, przedstawiając ich historię, przyczyny stosowania, zagrożenia związanie z ich wykorzystaniem oraz relewantne regulacje prawne.W dalszych dwóch rozdziałach scharakteryzowano poszczególne kategorie derywatów. W każdym przypadku omówiono ich istotę, klasyfikacje, zilustrowany przykładami mechanizm funkcjonowania, naturę prawną, jak również – w przypadku kontraktów terminowych i opcji – wybrane elementy inżynierii finansowej.The subject of the master's thesis is characteristics of three main types of derivatives: futures and forward contracts, swaps and options. The first chapter describes derivatives as separate category of financial instruments, presents their history, reasons for use, threats related to their use and crucial legal regulations.In two succesive chapters different categories of derivatives was characterized. In each case, their essence, classifications, mechanism of functioning, the legal nature, as well as - in the case of futures and forward contracts and also options - selected elements of financial engineering were discussed