Does nitrogen fertilization affect the secondary structures of gliadin proteins in hypoallergenic wheat?

One of the macronutrients indispensable for plant growth and development is nitrogen (N). It is responsible for starch and storage protein (gliadins and glutenins) biosynthesis and, in consequence, influences kernels’ quality and yields. However, applying N-fertilizers increases gluten content in wheat, and it may intensify the risk of developing allergy symptoms in gluten-sensitive individuals. The purpose of our research was to analyse whether and how the elimination of N-fertilizers during the cultivation of wasko.gl− wheat (modified genotype lacking ω-gliadins) changes the secondary structures of gliadin proteins. To this aim, using the FT-Raman technique, we examined flour and gliadin protein extracts obtained from kernels of two winter wheat lines: wasko.gl+ (with a full set of gliadin proteins) and wasko.gl− (without ω-gliadin fraction) cultivated on two different N-fertilization levels—0 and 120 kg N·ha(−1). On the basis of the obtained results, we proved that nitrogen fertilization does not have a major impact on the stability of the secondary structures of gliadin proteins for wasko.gl− wheat line with reduced allergenic properties. Furthermore, the results presented herein suggest the possibility of increasing the stability of glutenin structures as a result of the N-fertilization of wasko.gl− wheat line, which gives hope for its use in the production of wheat articles devoted to people suffering from diseases related to gluten sensitivity

Plonowanie i zdrowotność dwóch podgatunków pszenicy w zależności od udziału zbóż w strukturze zasiewów w warunkach integrowanej produkcji

Doświadczenie polowe prowadzono w sezonach wegetacyjnych 2012/2013 i 2013/2014 w RZD IUNG-PIB w Osinach. Pszenicę ozimą uprawiano na glebie klasy bonitacyjnej IIIa i IIIb w doświadczeniu wieloletnim z udziałem 50, 75 i 100% zbóż w płodozmianie, w warunkach integrowanej produkcji. W badaniach uwzględniono pszenicę zwyczajną (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare) odmiany Bamberka i pszenicę orkiszową (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) odmiany Rokosz. Celem badań była ocena plonowania i zdrowotności dwóch podgatunków pszeni- cy ozimej w zależności od udziału zbóż w strukturze zasiewów w warunkach integrowanej produkcji. Warunki pogodowe w la- tach badań różnicowały plonowanie odmian pszenicy i wpływały na nasilenie wystąpienia chorób grzybowych. Uprawa pszenicy w monokulturze, w porównaniu z uprawą w płodozmianie, doprowadziła do wyraźnego zmniejszenia liczby kłosów na jednostce powierzchni i masy 1000 ziaren, a w konsekwencji do istotnego spadku plonu ziarna. Wzrost udziału zbóż w strukturze zasiewów przyczynił się do większego wystąpienia rdzy brunatnej (Puccinia recondita) i brunatnej plamistości liści (Drechslera tritici-repentis). Nie stwierdzono wpływu płodozmianu na nasilenie występowania septoriozy paskowanej liści (Septoria tritici). Wystąpiły różnice gatunkowe w podatności na porażenie przez patogeny grzybowe. Odmiana Rokosz wykazywała istotnie wyższą odporność na kompleks chorób podstawy źdźbła i chorób atakujących aparat asymilacyjny niż odmiana Bamberka

Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of two winter wheat species: Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare, and Triticum spelta, cultivated in different percentage of cereals in crop rotation, on their bread making potential. The analyzed grain samples were obtained from a field experiment conducted during three years 2014-2016 at the Experimental Station in Osiny (51°35’, 21°55’), Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland. The experiment was established following different percentages of shared cereals in crop rotation (SCCR): 50, 75 and 100%. Wheat cultivation was performed in accordance with good agricultural practice standards. Protein content, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation index and alveograph properties were determined. Wheat species strongly influenced bread potential. The Triticum aestivum compared to Triticum spelta was characterized by significantly higher gluten quality and Zeleny sedimentation index as well as better alveograph properties. Common wheat showed the highest baking value (W). Spelt wheat was characterized by the lowest tenacity (P) and the highest extensibility (L). Moreover, the percentage of cereals in crop rotation had an effect on grain and dough quality parameters. Cultivation of wheat in 100% share of cereals resulted in the lowest grain and dough quality

Ocena ekonomiczna technologii produkcji pszenicy ozimej o różnym poziomie intensywności

The aim of the study was to compare production and economic outcomes of using different production technologies of winter wheat grown in crop rotation. The research was based on the results of field experiments carried out in the years of 2008-2010. The effect of the research was to determine the indicators of economic efficiency of winter wheat depending on the production technology used. It was found that the level of technology intensity, determined by the costs incurred for the means of production, influenced the structure of direct costs and the profitability of wheat production. The cheapest technology was the economical one which involved using growth retardants, with limited fungicidal protection and low levels of mineral fertilization. It was significantly more profitable than integrated and intensive technologies, but compared to them, it was worse in terms of grain yields

Bioactive Compounds in Different Buckwheat Species

The accumulation of valuable nutrients in cereal grains depends on a number of factors, including species, cultivars, and environment conditions. The aim of this study was to compare protein, some polyphenols and rutin content, as well as mineral composition in Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum esculentum genotypes growing in Polish conditions. A field experiment was conducted on pseudopodsolic soil in 2017–2018 at the Experimental Station in Osiny (51°35′, 21°55′), following randomized complete block method with three replications. Two cultivars of Fagophyrum esculentum (Kora and Panda), two cultivars of Fagopyrum tataricum (LIT1 and 63181) and two forms of Fagopyrum esculentum (Red Corolla and Green Corolla) were used in this experiment. We found differences in the tested compounds (protein, phenolic acids, rutin, and mineral composition) between cultivars and genotypes. Total phenolic acid and rutin contents were higher in the Fagopyrum tataricum compared to Fagopyrum esculentum. Ferulic and coumaric acids were prominent in the Kora and Panda cultivars, however vanillic and syringic acids accumulated more in Green Corolla and Red Corolla. The common buckwheat seeds contained more Cu, Mn, and Mg and less Ca than tartary buckwheat. Moreover Fagopytum esculentum genotype contains more protein compared to Fagopyrum tataricum

Factors Influencing the Accumulation of Free Asparagine in Wheat Grain and the Acrylamide Formation in Bread

Asparagine is one of the precursors of acrylamide that can form during bread production. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of genotype, environment, sulfur fertilization, and the interaction of those factors on the asparagine content, technological value of wheat, and acrylamide level in bread. The research material consisted of five wheat cultivars grown in two locations in Poland with nitrogen fertilization of 110 kg ha−1 and sulfur fertilization of 30 kg ha−1. The standard ISO method for analyzing the milling and baking properties of wheat was used. The UHPLC-MS/MS method for analyzing the amino acids and the GC/MS method for acrylamide in bread were implemented. The analysis of variance results indicated that the location influenced the total variance in the measured asparagine content and quality of wheat the most, followed by the cultivar and then by the interaction between the environment and cultivar. Sulfur fertilization had no significant effect on the asparagine content, but slightly lowered the gluten quality and loaf volume of bread. However, sulfur fertilization in connection with the cultivar characterized by low starch damage had a positive effect on lowering the acrylamide in bread. Asparagine content in wheat and acrylamide in bread varies mostly depending on cultivar and environment

Updated Review of the Toxicity of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Modified Forms

Mycotoxins are one of the most dangerous food and feed contaminants, hence they have significant influence on human and animal health. This study reviews the information reported over the last few years on the toxic effects of the most relevant and studied Fusarium toxins and their modified forms. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites can induce intracellular oxidative stress, resulting in DNA damage. Recent studies have also revealed the capability of DON and its metabolites to disturb the cell cycle and alter amino acid expression. Several studies have attempted to explore the mechanism of action of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in anorexia induction. Among other findings, two neurotransmitters associated with this process have been identified, namely substance P and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). For zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites, the literature points out that, in addition to their generally acknowledged estrogenic and oxidative potentials, they can also modify DNA by altering methylation patterns and histone acetylation. The ability of the compounds to induce alterations in the expression of major metabolic genes suggests that these compounds can contribute to the development of numerous metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes

Updated Review of the Toxicity of Selected <i>Fusarium</i> Toxins and Their Modified Forms

Mycotoxins are one of the most dangerous food and feed contaminants, hence they have significant influence on human and animal health. This study reviews the information reported over the last few years on the toxic effects of the most relevant and studied Fusarium toxins and their modified forms. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites can induce intracellular oxidative stress, resulting in DNA damage. Recent studies have also revealed the capability of DON and its metabolites to disturb the cell cycle and alter amino acid expression. Several studies have attempted to explore the mechanism of action of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in anorexia induction. Among other findings, two neurotransmitters associated with this process have been identified, namely substance P and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). For zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites, the literature points out that, in addition to their generally acknowledged estrogenic and oxidative potentials, they can also modify DNA by altering methylation patterns and histone acetylation. The ability of the compounds to induce alterations in the expression of major metabolic genes suggests that these compounds can contribute to the development of numerous metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes

Ochratoxin A and 2&prime;R-Ochratoxin A in Selected Foodstuffs and Dietary Risk Assessment

The aim of this study was to estimate the contamination of grain coffee, roasted coffee, instant coffee, and cocoa purchased in local markets with ochratoxin A (OTA) and its isomerization product 2&prime;R-ochratoxin A (2&prime;R-OTA), and to assess risk of dietary exposure to the mycotoxins. OTA and 2&prime;R-OTA content was determined using the HPLC chromatography with immunoaffinity columns dedicated to OTA. OTA levels found in all the tested samples were below the maximum limits specified in the European Commission Regulation EC 1881/2006. Average OTA concentrations calculated for positive samples of grain coffee/roasted coffee/instant coffee/cocoa were 0.94/0.79/3.00/0.95 &micro;g/kg, with the concentration ranges: 0.57&ndash;1.97/0.44&ndash;2.29/0.40&ndash;5.15/0.48&ndash;1.97 &micro;g/kg, respectively. Average 2&prime;R-OTA concentrations calculated for positive samples of roasted coffee/instant coffee were 0.90/1.48 &micro;g/kg, with concentration ranges: 0.40&ndash;1.26/1.00&ndash;2.12 &micro;g/kg, respectively. In turn, diastereomer was not found in any of the tested cocoa samples. Daily intake of both mycotoxins with coffee/cocoa would be below the TDI value even if the consumed coffee/cocoa were contaminated with OTA/2&prime;R-OTA at the highest levels found in this study. Up to now only a few papers on both OTA and 2&prime;R-OTA in roasted food products are available in the literature, and this is the first study in Poland

The Lipid-Soluble Bioactive Substances of <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i> Varieties under Different Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilisation

Yield and grain composition play an important role in food production. The aim of this study was to determine the content of phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols in four varieties of common buckwheat grains: Kora, Panda, Smuga, and Korona depending on the tillage and nitrogen doses employed. The grains were cultivated at the Experimental Station of the State Research Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Osiny, Poland, with plow tillage, without plow tillage cultivation, and with nitrogen fertilizers (0, 50, and 100 kg N2 ha−1). Gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer was used to assess all the parameters studied. The cultivation methods did not affect the levels of phytosterols, tocopherols, and squalene, but the highest levels of phytosterols were seen in the Kora variety with 50 kg N2 ha−1 (ranging from 1198 μg to 1800 μg·g−1 of sample weight); therefore, the variety was the best source of phytosterols investigated