Estrategias de muestreo para la determinación de las propiedades hidráulicas del suelo en dos unidades cartográficas

Cuando se usan los mapas de suelos para estimar las propiedades hidráulicas del suelo, éstos presentan diversas limitaciones debidas a varios factores, entre los cuales podemos citar, la falta de información a cerca de su variabilidad espacial a escala detallada (finca). En estos casos se hace necesario el muestreo adicional de estas propiedades para obtener una mejor estimación de su variabilidad espacial de cara la planificación y ejecución del riego. Con el objetivo de conocer los requerimientos de muestreo de la conductividad hidráulica saturada y la sorptividad (el horizonte Ap y sobre la superficie del suelo) fueron muestreadas dos unidades cartográficas de suelos a escala 1:25000 del área de influencia del canal Segarra-Garrigues, en Cataluña (NE de España) a través de un muestreo anidado. Los semivariogramas muestran un patrón de variabilidad acorde al tamaño modal de las fincas del área (a nivel de serie) con manejo homogéneo de la superficie del suelo. La sorptividad es la propiedad menos afectada por este factor (manejo del suelo). La distancia optima de muestreo y el número de muestras necesarias para obtener un buen resultado en la estimación de la Ks en el horizonte Ap es impracticable en ambas unidades. Para el resto de las propiedades la distancia de muestreo está dentro del tamaño modal de las fincas (100 m). Únicamente se puede obtener una buena estimación de la Ks y la sorptividad en el orden de magnitud del logaritmo de los datos obtenidos con un número de muestras considerablemente baja

Soil porosity changes in orchards with subsurface irrigation: quantification and interpretation

In order to assess the irrigation efficiency under water-limiting conditions, four different treatments of subsurface irrigation of peach trees in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate near Lleida (NE Iberian Peninsula) were tested. The treatments included pressurized air injection, deficit irrigation, full irrigation (as control) and an addition of rice husk around the pipe to improve porosity. Because the latter treatment improved physical conditions and resulted in better tree growth, a micromorphological study was conducted in order to understand the reason for this behaviour. The experiment was carried out in a commercial peach orchard (Prunus persica L.). The soil was a Xeric Torriorthent, with a loam texture, affected by salinity and with low organic matter content. One undisturbed block (30 cm each side) was taken from each treatment, and two vertical thin sections, 5 × 13 cm, including the subsurface pipe, were made. A fluorescent dye was added to the polyester resin to obtain UV light images of the porosity. The pore parameters and the pore size distribution were obtained for each treatment. Strong changes in the pore types of the four treatments are evident in the thin sections. Full and deficit irrigation treatments are characterised by a weakly developed subangular blocky structure, with a vesicular intra-aggregate structure. Deficit irrigation with air injection produced, in its upper part, a structure similar to the full and deficit irrigation treatments. In the surroundings and below the pipe, where the effect of pressurized air was higher, the soil structure is apedal, with vesicles (bubbles), 200 – 500 µm in size. Porosity of the soil modified with rice husk is greater than that of the other three treatments: the 15 – 30 µm porosity fraction is double, and the larger fractions three times that of the other treatments. It contains many oval excrements of mites (probably Oribatidae), 50 – 100 µm in size, associated with moderately decomposed rice husk tissues. We conclude that the modifications around the irrigation pipes that promoted faunal activity are very effective in conveying water to the soil in comparison to that of pressurized air, which only increases vesicular (non connected) porosity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio