Partial replacement of meat by sugar cane fibre: cooking characteristics, sensory properties of beef burgers and in vitro fermentation of sugar cane fibre

In this study, sugar cane fibre (SCF) partially replaced meat in beef burger formulations. The effects of SCF on cook yield, dimensional changes, sensory characteristics of beef burgers and in vitro gut fermentation characteristics were evaluated. Replacing beef with 1 to 5% SCF in burgers significantly increased cook yields from 13.8 +/- 0.3 to 59.1 +/- 0.3% due to its high water-binding capacity of 5.89 +/- 0.08 g g(-1) and oil-binding capacity of 4.68 +/- 0.03 g g(-1). The inclusion of SCF improved cooking properties whilst improving sensory characteristics. Burgers with 1% SCF had the highest overall acceptability. SCF was steadily fermented with a porcine faecal inoculum for up to 72 h, producing short-chain fatty acids. The characteristics of high water/oil binding and fermentability suggest that SCF has the potential to provide a range of dietary fibre benefits, and therefore deserves further study

Protection of μ-amylase from proteolysis by adsorption to feed components in vitro and in the porcine small intestine

The interactions between digestive enzymes and non-substrate feed components, and the impacts these have on enzyme activity, have rarely been studied. The aim of the present study was to determine the ability of granular wheat starch and whole porcine diets to protect porcine pancreatic μ-amylase from proteolysis by trypsin both in vitro and in vivo. Granular wheat starch protected μ-amylase from degradation in vitro by adsorbing trypsin and reducing its proteolytic activity. This protection was also found for a complete pig diet and corresponded to undetectable soluble-trypsin activity in the presence of the diet. Pancreatic μ-amylase from small intestinal digesta of pigs was active from the duodenum to the ileum (∼200-330 U/mL) irrespective of the addition of a protease inhibitor immediately after sampling, most likely due to binding with other food components protecting it from proteolysis. We conclude that non-specific binding between pancreatic digestive enzymes and food components may be competitive with enzyme-substrate complex formation, and therefore important in determining differences in the rate of digestion of macronutrients along the small intestine.Journal compilatio

Cereal dietary fibres influence retention time of digesta solid and liquid phases along the gastrointestinal tract

Nutrient digestion kinetics are determined by gastric emptying (GE) in the stomach and apparent mean retention time (aMRT) along the small and large intestine. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cereal dietary fibres (DF), either as intrinsic components of plant foods or added ingredients, on the retention of solid and liquid phases of digesta along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Thirty pigs were fed one of five diets containing whole wheat (WW), wheat starch (WS) or wheat starch partially replaced by wheat arabinoxylan (AX) or oat β-glucan (βG), or in combination (WSAXβG). Indigestible solid and liquid phase markers were added to each diet and fed at i) constant and ii) pulse dose intervals. Constant markers (acid insoluble ash and chromium) provided aMRT along 11 sections of the GI tract, while pulse dose markers (cerium, ytterbium and cobalt), fed 2–6 h before anaesthesia, provided a GE time. aMRT was slowest in the caecum and large intestine (LI, 15.4h), followed by the small intestine (SI, 3.4h) and stomach (2.6h) with liquid phases moving faster compared to solid phases. Between DF, AX but not βG, delayed GE of solid and liquid contents and showed longer retention time in SI and LI. In the absence of isolated soluble fibres, WS and WW diets showed similar flow characteristics of solid and liquid phases. The aMRT was shown to be dependent on the structure and swellability of added DF.</p

An updated method for the jugular catheterization of grower pigs for repeated blood sampling following an oral glucose tolerance test

Jugular catheterization is a common procedure used under experimental conditions. However, there is considerable variation in the reported techniques, particularly for grower pigs (>40 kg and 10 mL) are required. This paper provides a complete methodology including the use of current equipment and anaesthetic regimen for grower pigs. This surgical jugular catheterization method was carried out in 30 large white grower pigs. Firstly, the pigs were habituated to human handling for at least two weeks prior to surgery. Animals were sedated and anesthetized. Following intubation, an incision was made in the jugular fossa, and the jugular vein was located. A catheter was then inserted and fixated. The wound was stapled and the catheter line secured to the back of the neck. The pigs recovered fully from the surgery and the catheters remained patent for the duration of the blood sampling period (min 72 h). Twenty millilitres of blood were collected every 15 min, taking approximately 2 min per pig. No haemolysis was detected in any samples. Jugular catheterization of pigs using this procedure proved successful both in terms of animal recovery and quality of samples. Catheters remained patent and pigs remained calm during sampling

Male grower pigs fed cereal soluble dietary fibres display biphasic glucose response and delayed glycaemic response after an oral glucose tolerance test

<div><p>Acute and sustained soluble dietary fibre (SDF) consumption are both associated with improved glucose tolerance in humans and animal models (e.g. porcine). However, the effects on glucose tolerance in grower pigs, adapted to diets with a combination of SDF have not been studied previously. In this experiment, cereal SDF wheat arabinoxylan (AX) and oat β-glucan (BG) were fed individually and in combination to determine the effect on glucose tolerance in jugular vein catheterized grower pigs. Five groups of Large White male grower pigs were fed highly digestible diets containing either 10% AX, 10% BG, 5% AX with 5% BG, a model cereal whole wheat flour (WWF), or a control wheat starch diet (WS) with no SDF. Blood was collected via jugular vein catheters over 240 minutes following a feed challenge and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on two separate days. Postprandial blood samples were used to determine plasma glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), ghrelin, glucagon and cortisol concentrations. No dietary effects on glycaemic response were observed following the feed challenge or the OGTT as determined by the area under the curve (AUC). A biphasic glucose and insulin response was detected for all pigs following the OGTT. The current study showed male grower pigs have tight glycaemic control and glucose tolerance regardless of diet. In addition, pigs fed the combined SDF had a reduced GIP response and delayed insulin peak following the feed challenge. Incretin (GLP-1 and GIP) secretion appeared asynchronous reflecting their different enteroendocrine cell locations and response to nutrient absorption.</p></div

Male grower pigs fed cereal soluble dietary fibres display biphasic glucose response and delayed glycaemic response after an oral glucose tolerance test - Fig 6

<p>Plasma PYY (A) and ghrelin (B) concentrations following a feed challenge of pigs adapted to and fed different diets where WS = control diet and AXBG = combination diet.</p

Calculated nutritional composition (g.kg^-1) of the experimental diets.

<p>Calculated nutritional composition (g.kg^-1) of the experimental diets.</p

Plasma glucagon concentration following a feed challenge.

<p>Plasma glucagon concentration following a feed challenge.</p

Plasma cortisol (ng/mL) (mean ± SE) at times 0 and 120 mins postprandial of pigs adapted to and fed different diets where WS = control diet, AX = arabinoxylan diet, BG = β-glucan diet, AXBG = combination diet, WWF = whole wheat flour diet.

<p>Plasma cortisol (ng/mL) (mean ± SE) at times 0 and 120 mins postprandial of pigs adapted to and fed different diets where WS = control diet, AX = arabinoxylan diet, BG = β-glucan diet, AXBG = combination diet, WWF = whole wheat flour diet.</p

Composition of experimental diets (g.kg^-1) based on wheat starch and fed to the pigs for a minimum of 14 days.

<p>Composition of experimental diets (g.kg^-1) based on wheat starch and fed to the pigs for a minimum of 14 days.</p