359 research outputs found
Photon-energy dissipation caused by an external electric circuit in "virtual" photo-excitation processes
We consider generation of an electrical pulse by an optical pulse in the
``virtual excitation'' regime. The electronic system, which is any
electro-optic material including a quantum well structure biased by a dc
electric field, is assumed to be coupled to an external circuit. It is found
that the photon frequency is subject to an extra red shift in addition to the
usual self-phase modulation, whereas the photon number is conserved. The Joule
energy consumed in the external circuit is supplied only from the extra red
shift.Comment: 4 pages, 1 fugur
Femtosecond Laser-Induced Emission of Coherent Terahertz Pulses from Ruthenium Thin Films
We demonstrate emission of electromagnetic pulses with frequencies in the terahertz (THz) range from ruthenium thin films through a second-order nonlinear optical process. Ruthenium deposited on different substrates showed different THz emission properties. We provide evidence that for Ru on glass above a certain power threshold, laser-induced oxidation occurs, resulting in an increased slope of the linear dependence of the THz electric field amplitude on pump power. The THz electric field is mainly polarized parallel to the sample surface, pointing in the same direction everywhere. In contrast to Ru on glass, the electric field amplitude of the THz pulses emitted by Ru on sapphire and on CaF2 shows a simple single linear dependence on pump power, and it is polarized orthogonal to the sample surface. In this case, thermal oxidation in an oven enhances the emission and introduces an additional polarization component along the sample surface. This component also points in the same direction everywhere on the surface, similar to the as-deposited Ru on glass. Although the precise THz generation mechanism remains an open question, our results show a strong correlation between the emission strength and the degree of oxidation. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of the interfaces, i.e., both the choice of the substrate and the chemical composition of the top surface in THz emission experiments. Knowledge of the state of the sample surface is therefore crucial for the interpretation of THz emission experiments from (nonmagnetic) metal surfaces.</p
The link between market orientation and performance in the Australian public sector
Marketing academics and practitioners assume a direct link between market orientation and performance and argue that this applies to both business and non-business organisations. While this aspect has been studied in the business sector, this paper discusses the concepts of market orientation and performance and investigates this relationship in the Australian public sector. The conceptualization of market orientation used is that by Jaworski and Kohli (1993) on which basis MARKOR was developed. This instrument together with an instrument to measure the perceptions of performance of senior managers in the Australian public sector are used to investigate the hypothesized link. The findings confirm a positive relationship between market orientation and performance. The size and type of public sector organisation involved are also found to affect the levels of market orientation together with its components and performance. From the findings, implication are drawn and directions for future research discussed.peer-reviewe
Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΠ°
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎ-Π²Π°Π½Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π° - ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ NanoTest ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΡΠΆΠΈΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΠΎΠ½. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π° (500Β°Π‘ ) ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π° Π΄ΠΎ 1100Β°Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΠΎΠ½
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