Atrial fibrillation during adjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel: A case report

A 46-year-old woman had an episode of atrial fibrillation during infusion of docetaxel as adjuvant chemotherapy for an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. All cardiological tests performed before treatment were normal and there was no evidence of thyroid dysfunction nor any objective or anamnestic data indicating acute or chronic cardiovascular disease. None of the drugs administered has ever shown any proarrhythmic activity. In controlled clinical trials docetaxel was found to have a very low cardiotoxicity

Neuronal migration disorders: clinical, neuroradiological and genetics aspects

Disorders of neuronal migration are a heterogeneous group of disorders of nervous system development. One of the most frequent disorders is lissencephaly, characterized by a paucity of normal gyri and sulci resulting in a ‘smooth brain’. There are two pathologic subtypes: classical and cobblestone. Six different genes could be responsible for this entity (LIS1, DCX, TUBA1A, VLDLR, ARX, RELN), although co-delection of YWHAE gene with LIS1 could result in Miller–Dieker Syndrome. Heterotopia is defined as a cluster of normal neurons in abnormal locations, and divided into three main groups: periventricular nodular heterotopia, subcortical heterotopia and marginal glioneural heterotopia. Genetically, heterotopia is related to Filamin A (FLNA) or ADP-ribosylation factor guanine exchange factor 2 (ARFGEF2) genes mutations. Polymicrogyria is described as an augmentation of small circonvolutions separated by shallow enlarged sulci; bilateral frontoparietal form is characterized by bilateral, symmetric polymicrogyria in the frontoparietal regions. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria results in a clinical syndrome manifested by mild mental retardation, epilepsy and pseudobulbar palsy. Gene mutations linked to this disorder are SRPX2, PAX6, TBR2, KIAA1279, RAB3GAP1 and COL18A1. Schizencephaly, consisting in a cleft of cerebral hemisphere connecting extra-axial subaracnoid spaces and ventricles, is another important disorder of neuronal migration whose clinical characteristics are extremely variable. EMX2 gene could be implicated in its genesis. Focal cortical dysplasia is characterized by three different types of altered cortical laminations, and represents one of most severe cause of epilepsy in children. TSC1 gene could play a role in its etiology. Conclusion: This review reports the main clinical, genetical and neuroradiological aspects of these disorders. It is hoped that accumulating data of the development mechanisms underlying the expanded network formation in the brain will lead to the development of therapeutic options for neuronal migration disorders

Infant neurological examination from 3 to 12 months: Predictive value of the single items

The prognostic value of the single items of a standardised neurological examination, the Hammersmith Infant Neurologic Examination (HINE), was explored longitudinally in 658 infants at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-term age. ROC curves were built based on the presence/absence of cerebral palsy at 2 years of age. Global HINE scores showed very high prediction (ROC curve areas above 0.9) at all ages. The items with the highest predictive value were always movement quality and quantity. In the first semester, among the most predictive items were those assessing tone, while beyond that time they were reflexes and reactions. Our results show that the high predictive value of the HINE across the first year of life is granted by the successful combination of different groups of items for each age-period. This should be recognised in clinical practice when assessing the significance of individual neurological profiles

Prognostic value of a scorable neurological examination from 3 to 12 months post-term age in very preterm infants: a longitudinal study.

AIMS AND STUDY DESIGN: The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination proved effective in predicting locomotor function in very preterm infants after 9 months of age. We performed the examination in a cohort of 103 very preterm infants (gestational age below 32 weeks) as early as 3 months' post-term age, and longitudinally at 6, 9 and 12 months. Our aim was to establish the frequency distribution of the optimality scores at each age period, to explore the predictive value of the examination from 3 months onwards as to developmental outcome and locomotor function at 2 years, and to explore its longitudinal consistency.The results showed that this standardized neurological examination can be performed in preterm infants as early as 3 months' post-term age to predict motor outcome at 2 years, and that its high predictive value is consistent across the first year of life due to an effective combination of different items for each age period.We confirm the high predictive value of this neurological examination in very preterm infants after 9 months and extend it to the assessments performed as early as 3 months post-term. This is of great relevance as in very preterm infants early prediction of motor function is essential for a prompt planning of therapeutic interventions

Effectiveness and safety of an induction therapy with epoetin alfa in anemic cancer patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy

Background. Epoetin alfa, administered at standard dosages of 10,000-20,000 IU three times weekly or 40,00060,000 IU once weekly, has been shown to significantly increase hemoglobin (Hb) levels, decrease transfusion requirements, and improve quality-of-life parameters in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Objective. This open-label, nonrandomized, historically controlled study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an induction dose of epoetin alfa in patients with moderate or severe anemia who were receiving chemotherapy. Methods. Nineteen patients with solid tumors and Hb levels <9.0 g/dl were enrolled. The patients received single s.c. injections of epoetin alfa, 40,000 IU, on study days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13, and were then observed for the following 30 days. Nineteen other cancer patients who had matching characteristics and had received epoetin alfa, 10,000 IU, three times weekly for the 45-day study period, served as historical controls. The primary efficacy variable was change in Hb level from baseline to days 15 (similar toweek 2) and 45 (similar toweek 6.5). Secondary efficacy variables included the percent response (Hb increase A g/dl) and percent major response (Hb increase 2:2 g/dl) at days 15 and 45, the durations of response and major response after day 45, the proportion of patients transfused within the 45 study days, the changes in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score at days 15 and 45, and the ability to maintain the planned chemotherapy dose (dose intensity) over the 45-day study. Results. Mean increases in IIb level in the epoetin alfa 40,000 IU group were significantly greater than those in the historical control group both at day 15 and at day 45. The increase in Hb level in the control group approximated increases reported with standard 3-times-weekly epoetin alfa at day 15 but was somewhat lower than the increases typically seen by day 45, presumably due to the fact that, in the present study, the epoetin alfa dose was not doubled in initial nonresponders, as is commonly done with standard epoetin alfa treatment. The rates of major response for epoetin alfa 40,000 IU patients (37% at day 15 and 84% at day 45) were higher than those for control patients (16% and 21%, respectively). Also, the transfusion rate was lower and performance status scores were better in the epoetin alfa 40,000 IU patients than in the control patients. In all, 74% of epoetin alfa 40,000 IU patients versus 47% of control patients received 100% of the planned chemotherapy dose. Epoetin alfa was well tolerated in both treatment groups. Conclusions. Results of this study suggest that epoetin alfa at a dose of 40,000 IU administered five times over 2 weeks may confer even higher response rates than those seen with standard dosing regimens. These encouraging results support further study of the proposed induction dose of epoetin alfa in a larger, randomized, prospectively controlled trial

Hand movements at 3 months predict later hemiplegia in term infants with neonatal cerebral infarction

Aim The aim of this study was to explore the predictive value of quantitative assessment of hand movements in 3-month-old infants after neonatal stroke. Method Thirteen infants born at term (five females, eight males; mean gestational age 39.4wks, SD 1.19, range 37-41wks; mean birthweight 3240g, SD 203, range 2900-3570g) with neonatal arterial ischaemic cerebral infarction, and 13 healthy infants (mean gestational age 39.1wks, range 37-41wks, SD 1.26; mean birthweight 3190g, SD 259, range 2680-3490g) were enrolled in the study. The absolute frequency and the asymmetry of global hand opening and closing, wrist segmental movements, and independent digit movements were assessed from videotapes recorded at around 12 weeks. Neurological outcome was assessed when the infants were at least 18 months old using Touwen's neurological examination. Results Five of the 13 infants with neonatal stroke had normal neurological development, and eight had hemiplegia. Asymmetry of wrist segmental movements and the absolute frequency of independent digit movements were significantly different between infants with and without hemiplegia (p=0.006 and p=0.008, respectively). No differences were found in global hand movements. Interpretation We propose that the observed abnormalities of hand movements are the result of two different mechanisms: direct disruption of the corticospinal projection to the spinal cord, and altered modulation of the central pattern generators of general movements