Установление административной и уголовной ответственности в период действия режима повышенной готовности

The subject of research is norms of the current administrative and criminal legislation of the Russian Federation applied for violations of anti-epidemic restrictions. In 2020 the array of normative acts applicable in an emergency situation was significantly supplemented and need to be analyzed.The purpose of the study is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that legal certainty norms applied for violations of anti-epidemic restrictions and their position in the hierarchy of administrative-legal and criminal-legal prohibitions look rather dubious.The methodology. The authors choose the hypothetical-deductive method as the main method of this research. This method allowed to create a system of deductively related hypotheses from which statements about empirical facts are derived. The article analyzes the law enforcement practice that developed during the period of high alert.The main results of research and a field of their application. Their relationship between antiepidemic restrictions and permissible restrictions on fundamental human rights and freedoms is considered; an assessment of the proportionality of sanctions for violation of the generally binding rules of conduct is given; the socio-legal conditionality of the repressive legal support for the action of the high alert regime is analyzed. The main trends in law enforcement practice that have developed during the implementation of new administrative and legal and criminal law prohibitions are given. The findings can be useful to optimize law enforcement in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusions. The legitimization of the pandemic alert regime (or high alert regime in other words) took place in a short period of time, as a result of which some defects of legal regulation can be named. So, to date, no clear gradation has been made between the high alert regime and the emergency regime; although the high alert regime has structurally taken shape as a legal concept in conjunction with ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population, its systemic relationship with the categories "quarantine", "prevention of the spread of diseases", "isolation" has not been developed, i.e. with concepts developed in such an area of scientific knowledge as epidemiology, and received partial consolidation in the norms of sanitary and epidemiological legislation. The high alert regime has undergone a significant transformation, turning from a set of recommendations addressed to the subjects of the unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergencies into a wide list of legal provisions of various legal force, the effect of which applies to all groups of the population. In this regard, it is obvious that there is a demand in society for the unification of accepted norms and further structuring of a clear and unambiguous system of rules of conduct applicable in extreme situations that are not of an emergency nature, but require special control and special public attention. It follows from this that extraordinary legal regulation must acquire a consistent form and receive a strictly defined place in the national legal system.Исследуются нормы административного и уголовного законодательства Российской Федерации, разработанные для применения в условиях режима повышенной готовности. Предметом критического анализа является правовая определенность этих норм и их положение в иерархии административно-правовых и уголовно-правовых запретов. Рассматривается их взаимосвязь с допустимыми ограничениями фундаментальных прав и свобод человека; дается оценка соразмерности санкций за нарушение общеобязательных правил поведения; анализируется социально-правовая обусловленность репрессивного правового обеспечения действия режима повышенной готовности. Приводятся основные тенденции правоприменительной практики, сложившиеся при реализации новых административно-правовых и уголовно-правовых запретов

The effects of simultaneous large acidic and alkaline airborne pollutants on forest soil

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/02697491The effects of air pollutants on soil were studied in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests near the boundary of Russia and Estonia. The study area is characterized by large amounts of acidic and basic pollutants, mainly sulphur dioxide (SO*) and calcium (Ca) . Several variables were measured in different horizons of the podzolic soil polluted by emissions from local sources in areas of several thousands of square kilometres. Alkalinization dominates the processes in the soil, since sulphur is absorbed only in small quantities and Ca is much better absorbed. Ca content in humus horizon may rise even to 100 000 mg kg-’ and the pH of originally very acidic soil may rise to 8.3. Total aluminum (Al) content was high in the heavily polluted plots, since emissions contain much Al. On the other hand, the exchangeable Al was very low in these alkaline sites. A larger quantity of exchangeable Al occurred farther from the pollutant sources, even though total Al in these plots was low. These plots had acidic soils in which Al is in exchangeable form. Due to the neutralizing effect of acidic and basic pollutants, forest damage in the study area was not as serious as might be supposed, Complicated pollutant situations must be taken into consideration when pollution-caused environmental protection measures are planned. It is not reasonable to reduce only SO2 emissions, but necessary to lower the basic emissions at the same time

Состязательность: насущные проблемы современного российского уголовного судопроизводства

The subject of the article is realization of adversarial process principle in Russian criminal proceedings.The purpose of the article is to disclose the list of systemic flaws in modern criminal justice. The hypothesis of the study is the thesis that the ongoing transformation of the criminal procedure did not lead to its transformation on the basis of the principle of the adversarial process.The authors use formal‐legal and comparative‐legal methods as well as legal interpretation of the text of Russian Criminal Procedure Code and Russian Constitutional Court’s decisions.The main results and scope of their application. The problem field of the research is the analysis of the latest changes in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and their influence on the qualitative modernization of the domestic justice. For optimal understanding of the problem field, the authors used a set of general scientific and private‐scientific methods. The article provides a brief overview of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and judicial acts reflecting the views of the law enforcers on the motivation of the sentence. In the introduction, the authors justify the relevance of the study, also discusses possible criteria for the fairness of a judicial decision in criminal justice. The second section analyzes the main trends in overcoming the accusatory bias in criminal proceedings and determines the relationship between constitutional legal and criminal procedural parameters of justice and the validity of judicial decisions. The third section examines the main shortcomings of the elements of judicial control in pre‐trial criminal proceedings and assesses the prospects for the establishment of an investigative judge. In the fourth section, the authors explore the specifics of the legalization of operative information as evidence in a criminal case, taking into account the legal positions of the Constitutional Court. The fifth section is devoted to the analysis of the latest changes in the criminal procedure law regarding the order of consideration of cases in the appellate and cassation instances. In the sixth section, the dynamics of doctrinal views on the systemic flaws of the Russian criminal process are examined.The main proposals for the improvement of the Russian criminal procedure legislation are formulated in the conclusion. It is concluded that the principle of the adversarial process is not taken into consideration completely during the transformation of the criminal procedure in Russia.Раскрывается перечень системных недостатков современного уголовного судопроизводства. Гипотезой исследования является тезис о том, что продолжающиеся преобразования порядка осуществления уголовно‐процессуальной деятельности не привели к ее трансформации на основе принципа состязательности процесса. Проблемным полем исследования является анализ новейших изменений в Уголовно‐процессуальном кодексе РФ и их влияние на качественную модернизацию отечественного правосудия. В заключение сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию российского уголовно‐процессуального законодательства

Преступления на почве ненависти, феномен hate speech, практика Европейского суда по правам человека и российский подход к определению экстремистской деятельности

The subject of the research is criminal law rules that provide for criminal liability for hate crimes and the judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights on hate crimes.The purpose of the article is to confirm or refute the hypothesis that a unified approach to the definition of the legal concept of hate speech and the limits of its application is necessary. This approach must be based on the legal positions of the European Court of Human RightsThe research methodology includes analysis and interpretation of court decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, as well as a dialectical approach to the analysis of various points of view to the definition of extremist activity.The main results and scope of their application. The relevance of the research proposed for publication is due to the lack of uniform practice of applying the articles of the Russian Criminal Code on so-called "hate crimes" by Russian courts and the presence of significant contradictions in the positions of the European Court of Human Rights and the state position of the Russian Federation in defining key concepts in this area that are extremely important for criminal procedure and administrative activities. The paper considers scientific and practical attempts to define "hate crimes" in the global and regional human rights systems, basic recommendations of the UN on countering such crimes, and offers an interpretation of the term hate speech in relation to the related criminological concept of hate crime. The text provides statistical data describing the level of such crime and the practice of the ECHR in this area, mentions a list of criteria according to which" hate crimes " can be motivated by language differences, gender, sexual orientation and other characteristics, as well as criteria that distinguish hate speech from freedom of expression, and suggests decriminalization of part 1 of article 282 of the Russian Criminal Code.Conclusions. It is necessary to unify the concepts of "hate crimes" (and the practice of their application) in the direction of, in particular, reducing the number of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights against the Russian Federation and increasing the level of legal protection of both the individual citizen of the Russian Federation and freedom of speech and expression.Рассматриваются научно-практические попытки определений «преступлений ненависти» в глобальной и региональной правозащитной системах, базовые рекомендации ООН по противодействию подобным преступлениям, предлагается толкование термина hate speech (язык ненависти) в соотношении с родственным криминологическим понятием hate crime (преступления ненависти). Приводятся статистические данные, характеризующие уровень подобной преступности, и практика ЕСПЧ в рассматриваемом направлении, упоминается перечень критериев, в соответствии с которыми «преступления ненависти» могут быть мотивированы языковыми различиями, гендерной принадлежностью, сексуальной ориентацией и другими характеристиками, а также критерии, отграничивающие hate speech от свободы выражения мнения, предлагается декриминализация ч. 1 ст. 282 УК РФ

Ancient DNA Analysis of the Oldest Canid Species from the Siberian Arctic and Genetic Contribution to the Domestic Dog

Modern Arctic Siberia provides a wealth of resources for archaeological, geological, and paleontological research to investigate the population dynamics of faunal communities from the Pleistocene, particularly as the faunal material coming from permafrost has proven suitable for genetic studies. In order to examine the history of the Canid species in the Siberian Arctic, we carried out genetic analysis of fourteen canid remains from various sites, including the well-documented Upper Paleolithic Yana RHS and Early Holocene Zhokhov Island sites. Estimated age of samples range from as recent as 1,700 years before present (YBP) to at least 360,000 YBP for the remains of the extinct wolf, Canis cf. variabilis. In order to examine the genetic affinities of ancient Siberian canids species to the domestic dog and modern wolves, we obtained mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and compared them to published ancient and modern canid sequences. The older canid specimens illustrate affinities with pre-domestic dog/wolf lineages while others appear in the major phylogenetic clades of domestic dogs. Our results suggest a European origin of domestic dog may not be conclusive and illustrates an emerging complexity of genetic contribution of regional wolf breeds to the modern Canis gene pool