Central to Lacrosse - Three Lacrosse Films have Intricate Ties to SU and the Onondaga Nation, Highlighting the Sport’s History and What it Means to Those who Play it

Three lacrosse films have intricate ties to SU and the Onondaga Nation, highlighting the sport’s history and what it means to those who play it

Pancreatic cancer stem cells in patient pancreatic xenografts are sensitive to drozitumab, an agonistic antibody against DR5.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence are two major hurdles in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Recent findings suggest that both of these attributes are associated with a small subset of pancreatic tumor initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we demonstrate that drozitumab, a human agonistic monoclonal antibody which binds the death receptor DR5, selectively eliminates CSCs, resulting in tumor growth inhibition and even regression of pancreatic tumors. METHODS: To examine the efficacy of drozitumab against pancreatic CSCs, we treated patient-derived pancreatic tumor xenografts (PDX) in immunocompromised SCID mice and evaluated tumor control. To assess apoptosis following drozitumab treatment, we identified the CSCs as CD24+, CD44+, and EpCAM+ by FACS analysis, and measured in vivo and in vitro levels of cleaved caspase-3. Lastly, in vitro evaluation of DR5 re-expression was performed using isolated patient pancreatic cancer xenograft cells along with the cell line, Panc-1. After treatment with drozitumab, the remaining DR5- cells were assessed by FACS analysis for DR5 expression at the cell surface at 8, 24 and 48 h post-treatment. All in vivo growth data was analyzed by 2-way Anova, incidence data was analyzed using Mantel-Cox, and in vitro studies statistics were performed with a t-test. RESULTS: We find that while 75-100 % of CSCs express DR5, only 25 % of bulk tumor cells express the death receptors at any one time. Consequently, drozitumab treatment of SCID mice bearing PDX kills higher percentages of CSCs than bulk tumor cells. Additionally, SCID mice implanted with isolated CSCs and then immediately treated with drozitumab fail to ever develop tumors. In vitro studies demonstrate that while drozitumab treatment reduces the DR5+ cell population, the remaining tumor cells begin to express DR5, suggesting a mechanism by which continuous administration of drozitumab can ultimately result in tumor regression despite the initially low percentage of DR5+ cells. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our work reveals that treatment of pancreatic tumors with the drozitumab can lead to long-term tumor control by targeting both bulk cells and CSCs

Additional file 1: of Pancreatic cancer stem cells in patient pancreatic xenografts are sensitive to drozitumab, an agonistic antibody against DR5

Figure S1. Treatment three times per week of 12424 did not inhibit tumor growth. 12424 tumors implanted SQ into mice and given 200 μg of drozitumab 3×/week. n = 8 mice/group. Figure S2. Tumors derived from purified CSCs recapitulate the morphology of the original patient xenograft. H&E images of the patient pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenograft 14244(A) and the tumor derived from CSCs isolated from that tumor (B). Figure S3. In vitro treatment of tumor cells with drozitumab depletes cancer stem cells. A) Panc-1 pancreatic tumor cells or dissociated tumor cells from B) 12424 were treated in vitro with 10 μg/ml of drozitumab and 10 μg/ml of anti-human IgG Fc antibody for 12 h to ensure maximum killing. The percentages of CSCs were assessed by flow cytometry using markers for ESA, CD44, and CD24. (PPT 664 kb