A critical review of solid phase microextraction for analysis of water samples

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.029 © 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The review summarizes applications of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for water sample analysis. Official methods and standards of SPME in water research and inter-laboratory validation are discussed. A comparison of SPME with current EPA-approved methods from several analytical aspects is presented. The review also provides some perspectives of the recent development of SPME on sampling water using artificial river systems, in the passive sampling and on-site sampling. Recently developed configuration of SPME such as thin film microextraction and high-throughput applications (e.g. when used in a 96-blade configuration) are shown.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Ontario Research Fund (ORF) [RE-WR-07

Review of geometries and coating materials in solid phase microextraction: Opportunities, limitations, and future perspectives

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.035 © 2017. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The development of new support and geometries of solid phase microextraction (SPME), including metal fiber assemblies, coated-tip, and thin film microextraction (TFME) (i.e. self-supported, fabric and blade supported), as well as their effects on diffusion and extraction rate of analytes were discussed in the current review. Application of main techniques widely used for preparation of a variety of coating materials of SPME, including sol-gel technique, electrochemical and electrospinning methods as well as the available commercial coatings, were presented. Advantages and limitations of each technique from several aspects, such as range of application, biocompatibility, availability in different geometrical configurations, method of preparation, incorporation of various materials to tune the coating properties, and thermal and physical stability, were also investigated. Future perspectives of each technique to improve the efficiency and stability of the coatings were also summarized. Some interesting materials including ionic liquids (ILs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and particle loaded coatings were briefly presented

Development and validation of eco-friendly strategies based on thin film microextraction for water analysis

The final publication is available at Elsevier via https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.026 © 2018. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The aim of the current study is the establishment of Green Analytical Chemistry strategies for water analysis by elimination/reduction of hazardous chemicals, energy consumption, and waste generation throughout the entire analytical workflow. The first approach introduced in this manuscript consists of addition of water to a sampling vessel that contains a thin film microextraction (TFME) device, followed by removal of the device after equilibration, and subsequent quantification of the extracted components by thermal desorption GC/MS. In this approach, namely the in-bottle TFME approach, analyte-loss associated errors that stem from analyte adherence to glass surfaces and/or degradation are avoided as extraction occurs in situ, while analytes are isolated from a complex matrix that contains degradation agents (bacteria, oxidizing or reducing species, etc.). This procedure also circumvents the splitting of original samples into sub-samples. The second approach involves the use of portable TFME devices that facilitate on-site extraction of compounds, therefore eliminating the use of collection vessels, a factor known to potentially introduce errors into analysis. The herein described procedure involves attachment of the TFME device to drill accessories, analyte extraction via direct immersion into sampled site, and subsequent on-site instrumental analysis, which is carried out with the use of a portable GC/MS containing an appropriate thermal desorption interface, or alternatively, by transferring the membrane to the laboratory for bench-top GC/MS analysis. To facilitate a better understanding of the processes governing the developed approaches, modeling by COMSOL Multiphysics® software was performed. The findings of this study were applied for further method optimization, and the optimized developed methods were then applied for on-site surface water analyses. Finally, the greenness of the developed methods was evaluated with use of the eco-scale assessment, with obtained scores compared to that of the US EPA 8270 method.Ontario Research FundMaxxam Analytics (Mississagua, ON

Fast Quantitation of Target Analytes in Small Volumes of Complex Samples by Matrix-Compatible Solid-Phase Microextraction Devices

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Piri-Moghadam, H., Ahmadi, F., Gómez-Ríos, G. A., Boyacı, E., Reyes-Garcés, N., Aghakhani, A., … Pawliszyn, J. (2016). Fast Quantitation of Target Analytes in Small Volumes of Complex Samples by Matrix-Compatible Solid-Phase Microextraction Devices. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55(26), 7510–7514., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601476. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Herein we report the development of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) devices designed to perform fast extraction/enrichment of target analytes present in small volumes of complex matrices (i.e. V <= 10 mu L). Micro-sampling was performed with the use of etched metal tips coated with a thin layer of biocompatible nano-structured polypyrrole (PPy), or by using coated blade spray (CBS) devices. These devices can be coupled either to liquid chromatography (LC), or directly to mass spectrometry (MS) via dedicated interfaces. The reported results demonstrated that the whole analytical procedure can be carried out within a few minutes with high sensitivity and quantitation precision, and can be used to sample from various biological matrices such as blood, urine, or Allium cepa L single-cells.National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC

Development of a Biocompatible In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Device: A Sensitive Approach for Direct Analysis of Single Drops of Complex Matrixes

The aim of the current study is to develop a sensitive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device for direct and rapid analysis of untreated complex matrixes (i.e., single drop of the samples, <i>V</i> ≤ 2 μL). A thin layer of a biocompatible nanostructured polypyrrole (PPy) was electrochemically deposited inside a medical grade spinal needle, minimizing the matrix effect. Microsampling was facilitated by loading the sample inside the in-tube SPME device (withdraw of sample via plunger), where extraction was performed under static conditions. Two strategies were used for analysis of the compounds including offline desorption and running the extract to the liquid chromatograph–tandem mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) or direct coupling of the in-tube SPME device to the MS. Given the high surface-area-to-volume ratio of the coating, a short equilibrium time (i.e., <i>t</i> ≤ 2 min) was obtained. The whole analytical procedure (i.e., extraction, rinsing, desorption, and LC–MS/MS analysis) was performed within 10 min by LC–MS/MS, and 3 min by in-tube–MS/MS. Possible matrix effects for the prepared device were evaluated in whole blood samples at three levels of concentration, and encouraging results were achieved in the range of 83–120%. The obtained results, no matrix effect, are attributed to the smooth surface and small pore size of the biocompatible PPy coating, which was prepared in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant. The in-tube SPME device was shown to be very sensitive, with high total recoveries obtained for all compounds in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and urine samples owing to the large volume and capacity of the coating. Subnanogram per milliliter levels of detection were achieved for urine samples, and low nanogram per milliliter levels were found in whole blood samples for all studied compounds with a high protein binding index. Rapid analysis of whole blood samples was achieved without need of any pretreatment or manipulation of sample, revealing the developed in-tube SPME device as an ideal probe for forensic application, drug monitoring, and point-of care-diagnosis

Fast Quantitation of Target Analytes in Small Volumes of Complex Samples by Matrix-Compatible Solid-Phase Microextraction Devices

Herein we report the development of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) devices designed to perform fast extraction/enrichment of target analytes present in small volumes of complex matrices (i.e. V <= 10 mu L). Micro-sampling was performed with the use of etched metal tips coated with a thin layer of biocompatible nano-structured polypyrrole (PPy), or by using coated blade spray (CBS) devices. These devices can be coupled either to liquid chromatography (LC), or directly to mass spectrometry (MS) via dedicated interfaces. The reported results demonstrated that the whole analytical procedure can be carried out within a few minutes with high sensitivity and quantitation precision, and can be used to sample from various biological matrices such as blood, urine, or Allium cepa L single-cells