9 research outputs found
Multicriteria analysis model for foot-and-mouth disease risk classification in the state of Goiás - Brazil
ABSTRACT: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease that affects several animal species, including domestic and wildlife ones. The occurrence of an FMD outbreak can potentially cause a large negative impact on countries or regions’ livestock production and economy. Performed over several decades, mass herd vaccination has been the main strategy to control the disease. However, countries are beginning the stage of eradicating FMD, which involves suspending vaccinations. The present study carried out a risk classification for FMD occurrence in Goiás State, Brazil by evaluating and combining multiple risk factors involved in FMD introduction and dissemination. Data from 126,345 rural properties were collected and categorized by municipality. The risk factors were grouped into two modules and then scores for each module were obtained by adding and weighting the risk factors. These combined scores resulted in the final FMD occurrence risk score. Most of the municipalities, as well as the herds were found in the lowest likelihood levels. Variables linked to herd density and animal movement played a key role in the score composition. We believed that this model can be a useful tool in the decision-making process regarding actions and strategies related to FMD eradication
GUIDANCE ON RESPONSIBLE OWNERSHIP IN AN AREA OF ENDEMIC CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS
O trabalho teve como objetivo orientar proprietários sobre conceitos relacionados à posse responsável de seus animais de estimação em uma área endêmica para Leishmaniose Visceral Canina. Questionários sobre posse responsável e sobre o controle desta enfermidade foram aplicados a donos de cães e gatos residentes no Município de Araçatuba, SP para se avaliar inicialmente o grau de conhecimento destas pessoas. Na sequência, com base nas deficiências verificadas nestas respostas, os executores deste trabalho orientaram individualmente os donos desses animais a domicílio, sobre os pontos críticos a serem reformulados a fim de corrigir conceitos errôneos a respeito destes assuntos. Quanto à nutrição, 70,45% (62/88) dos donos forneciam apenas ração, 27,28% (24/88) administravam dieta mista e 2,27% (2/88) comida caseira. Adicionalmente, 78,41% (69/88) dos entrevistados não possibilitavam o consumo de carne crua, mal passada ou osso. Entre os proprietários, 9,09% (8/88) permitiam que seu animal transitasse sozinho pelas imediações. Dos cães, 14,77% (13/88) nunca foram clinicamente examinados por um profissional habilitado e 6,82% (6/88) e 15,91% (14/88), não receberam qualquer tipo de vacina ou vermífugo, respectivamente. Quanto ao controle populacional, somente 20,45% (18/88) dos cães foram esterilizados. Também foi observado que 25% (22/88) dos indivíduos já haviam tido cães soropositivos para Leishmaniose Visceral Canina em suas residências e destes 54,55% (12/22) encaminharam seu animal a clínicas veterinárias para a realização da eutanásia, 27,27% (6/22) utilizaram os serviços do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do Município e 18,18% (4/22) pagaram o tratamento particular. No entanto, 35,23% (31/88) dos cães nunca foram submetidos a exames para o diagnóstico da infecção por Leishmania spp. A partir dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, é possível constatar uma desinformação dos proprietários a respeito do tema em questão e que foi possível esclarecê-los sobre isso, evidenciando-se a necessidade de implantação contínua de campanhas de conscientização comunitáriaEl estudio tuvo el objetivo de orientar a los propietarios sobre los conceptos relacionados con la posesión responsable de sus mascotas en área endémica para Leishmaniosis visceral canina. Se aplicaron cuestionarios sobre posesión responsable y control de esta enfermedad a los dueños de perros y gatos que residen en la ciudad de Araçatuba, SP, para evaluar inicialmente el grado de conocimiento de estas personas. En la secuencia, basados en las deficiencias verificadas de las respuestas, los ejecutores de este trabajo orientaron individualmente a los dueños de los animales en sus domicilios, acerca de los puntos críticos a reformularse, a fin de que se corrijan los conceptos equivocados con relación a estos temas. Al que se refiere a la nutrición, el 70,45% (62/88) de los dueños les proveían solamente la ración, el 27,28% (24/88) les administraban la dieta mixta y el 2,27% (2/88) les daban comida casera. En adición a eso, el 78,41% (69/88) de los entrevistados no ofrecían a sus perros carne cruda, mal cocida o hueso. Entre los propietarios, el 9,09% (8/88) permitían que su animal vagará sólo por las cercanías. De los perros, el 14,77% (13/88) jamás habían sido clínicamente examinado por un médico veterinario habilitado y el 6,82% (6/88) y el 15,91% (14/88) no recibieron cualquier clase de vacuna o vermicida, respectivamente. Se observó también que el 25% (22/88) de los individuos ya habían tenido animales sueropositivos para Leishmaniosis Visceral Canina en sus viviendas y, de estos, el 54,55% (12/22) encaminaron sus animales a las clínicas veterinarias para realizar la eutanasia; el 22,73% (5/22) utilizaron los servicios del Centro de Control de Zoonosis de la Municipalidad y el 18,18% (4/22) pagaron por tratamiento particular. Sin embargo, el 35,23% (31/88) de los perros nunca fueron sometidos a pruebas para el diagnóstico de la infección por Leishmania spp. A partir de los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, se constató la desinformación por parte de los propietarios con relación al tema en cuestión, siendo posible aclararles acerca de ello , evidenciándose por tanto la necesidad de una continua implantación de campañas de concientización comunitaria.The purpose of this work was to provide guidance to householders in the responsible care of their pets, in a region where canine visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. Questionnaires on responsible ownership and the control of this disease were completed by owners of dogs and cats in the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, in order to evaluate their level of knowledge. Based on the identified deficiencies, the project team provided the owners of the pets with individual guidance at home, focusing on the most critical issues. Concerning nutrition, 70.45% (62/88) of owners provided pet food only, 27.28% (24/88) administered a mixed diet, and 2.27% (2/88) provided homemade food. Additionally, 78.41% (69/88) did not permit the consumption of raw meat, rare meat, or bones. 9.09% (8/88) of owners allowed their pets to wander the neighborhood alone. Among dogs, 14.77% (13/88) had never been clinically tested by a qualified professional, and 6.82% (6/88) and 15.91% (14/88) had never received any kind of vaccine or vermifuge, respectively. In relation to population control, only 20.45% (18/88) of the dogs had been sterilized. It was also observed that 25% (22/88) of owners had already had canine visceral leishmaniasis seropositive dogs in their homes. 54.55% (12/22) of these owners had referred their pets to veterinary clinics for euthanasia, 22.73% (5/22) had used the services of the city’s animal disease control center, and 18.18% (4/22) had paid for private treatment. Nevertheless, 35.23% (31/88) of the dogs had never been submitted to tests for infection diagnosis. From the results obtained, it could be inferred that the individuals who participated in this study were poorly informed concerning basic pet care, demonstrating a need to implement community awareness campaigns for the responsible ownership of pet
GUIDANCE ON RESPONSIBLE OWNERSHIP IN AN AREA OF ENDEMIC CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS
The purpose of this work was to provide guidance to householders in the responsible care of their pets, in a region where canine visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. Questionnaires on responsible ownership and the control of this disease were completed by owners of dogs and cats in the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, in order to evaluate their level of knowledge. Based on the identified deficiencies, the project team provided the owners of the pets with individual guidance at home, focusing on the most critical issues. Concerning nutrition, 70.45% (62/88) of owners provided pet food only, 27.28% (24/88) administered a mixed diet, and 2.27% (2/88) provided homemade food. Additionally, 78.41% (69/88) did not permit the consumption of raw meat, rare meat, or bones. 9.09% (8/88) of owners allowed their pets to wander the neighborhood alone. Among dogs, 14.77% (13/88) had never been clinically tested by a qualified professional, and 6.82% (6/88) and 15.91% (14/88) had never received any kind of vaccine or vermifuge, respectively. In relation to population control, only 20.45% (18/88) of the dogs had been sterilized. It was also observed that 25% (22/88) of owners had already had canine visceral leishmaniasis seropositive dogs in their homes. 54.55% (12/22) of these owners had referred their pets to veterinary clinics for euthanasia, 22.73% (5/22) had used the services of the city’s animal disease control center, and 18.18% (4/22) had paid for private treatment. Nevertheless, 35.23% (31/88) of the dogs had never been submitted to tests for infection diagnosis. From the results obtained, it could be inferred that the individuals who participated in this study were poorly informed concerning basic pet care, demonstrating a need to implement community awareness campaigns for the responsible ownership of pets.<br /
Protective Properties in Hymenaea martiana Hayne against Multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Antibiotic resistance represents a widespread problem in milk production. The identification of compounds for a topically applied ointment used in mastitis therapy remains elusive. Compounds from the genus Hymenaea can be administered in cases of multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection for ruminant species, but the protective properties are not well known. Wi this research the aim is verify the protective effects of H. martiana against S. aureus infection in bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) and to obtain an antioxidant profile evaluation in vitro. The MAC-T cells were challenged with S. aureus after being exposed to the extract of the H. martiana in the protective assay. For the verification of the viability of the MAC-T cells, the MTT assay was performed, and was used dilutions of the plant extract, starting at 2.5%. The extract of H. martiana was evaluated for antioxidant aspect in different dilutions by FRAP, ORAC and DPPH. A variety of flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, etc.) have been identified as the main components by using mass spectrometry, reinforcing our in vitro findings that flavonoids, especially quercetin, have a medicinal profile capable of killing mastitis-causing bacteria. An excellent antioxidant pattern was observed in the 2.5% solution; however, membrane integrity in MAC-T cells was compromised. Those findings suggest low dilutions of H. martiana extract has a desirable protective effect from S. aureus pathogenesis. Our in vitro studies can be gleaned upon for further in vivo studies
Detecção de co-infecções por Leishmania (l.) chagasi, Trypanosoma evansi, Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em cães
Co-infections by Leishmania (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma evansi, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs were investigated. Amastigotes forms of Leishmania spp. were detected by cytopathological analysis of lymph nodes in 46,42% (39/84) of dogs. In a male dog, adult, without defined breed, from rural area and positive for Leishmania, were observed flagellated forms of T. evansi in blood smear. By immunofluorescence antibody test, 5,95% (5/84) of dogs were considered reactive to T. gondii, with titer equal to or higher than 1:64, while 3,57% (3/84) were reactive to N. caninum, with titer ≥1:50. Among the animals with visceral leishmaniasis, one showed positive serological response to T. gondii and two for N. caninum. All dogs reactive to N. caninum were from rural area and the predominance of infection by T. gondii was in dogs from urban area. A young male dog from the rural area and seropositive for T. gondii showed Ehrlichia spp. morulae in the cytology and positive reaction for canine distemper virus. Thus, further studies are needed to assess the epidemiology of these infections in canine population, especially with respect to the reservoirs of Trypanosoma spp. in rural areas.Foram investigadas coinfecções por Leishmania (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma evansi, Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em cães. Formas amastigotas de Leishmania spp. foram detectadas pela análise citopatológica de linfonodos em 46.42% (39/84) dos cães. Em um cão macho, adulto, sem raça definida, proveniente de área rural e positivo para Leishmania, foram observadas formas flageladas de T. evansi em esfregaço sanguíneo. Pela imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), 5.95% (5/84) dos cães foram considerados reagentes para T. gondii, com titulação igual a 64, enquanto que 3.57% (3/84) foram reagentes para N. caninum, com título 50. Entre os animais com leishmaniose visceral, um apresentou resposta sorológica positiva para T. gondii e dois para N. caninum. Todos os cães reagentes para N. caninum eram de área rural e, o predomínio da infecção pelo T. gondii ocorreu em cães da área urbana. Um cão macho, jovem, da zona rural e soropositivo para T. gondii, apresentou mórulas de Ehrlichia spp. na citologia e reação positiva para o vírus da cinomose. Deste modo, mais estudos são necessários para avaliar a epidemiologia dessas infecções na população canina, principalmente com relação aos reservatórios de Trypanosoma spp. nas zonas rurais
Susceptibility of helminth species from horses against different chemical compounds in Brazil
By means of parasitological necropsies, the present study aimed to evaluate, in six experiments, the degree of susceptibility or resistance of different helminth species which naturally infect horses to ivermectin 0.2mg/kg, abamectin 0.2mg/kg, moxidectin 0.4mg/kg, trichlorfon 35mg/kg, ivermectin 0.2mg/kg+praziquantel 2.5mg/kg, abamectin 0.2mg/kg+praziquantel 2.5mg/kg and ivermectin 0.2mg/kg+6.6 mg/kg pyrantel. At experimental day zero, the horses were allocated to treatment groups based on average counts of strongylid eggs per gram of feces (EPG) obtained on days -3, -2 and -1. Oxyuris sp. infections were confirmed as positive or negative. All the animals in the six experiments were naturally infected by this helminth species. Each group (control or treated) consisted of six animals. All the assessed Habronema muscae populations analyzed were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin. Of the six Trichostrongylus axei populations, four were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, trichlorfon and ivermectin+praziquantel, and two were resistant to abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel. Both Strongyloides westeri populations analyzed were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin and abamectin+praziquantel. For O. equi, resistance was found in four different populations treated with ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, trichlorfon and ivermectin+praziquantel. Only combinations of abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel were effective against this parasite species. All the large strongyles diagnosed in the present study (Strongyus edentatus, Strongyus vulgaris and Triodontophorus serratus) were susceptible to all the chemicals tested, with the exception of trichlorfon. Of the Cyathostominae populations, one was diagnosed as resistant to ivermectin and another to trichlorfon. The remaining populations from this nematode group were considered to be sensitive to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, ivermectin+praziquantel, abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel. New studies should be performed in different regions to evaluate the efficacy of trichlorfon in others field populations of helminthes