Sugarcane Energy Use: Accounting Of Feedstock Energy Considering Current Agro-industrial Trends And Their Feasibility

The sugarcane agro-industry is seen as a great opportunity for economic and industrial development in many sugarcane-producing countries. Important changes happening in recent decades have converted the sugar mill from being just a food producer into a diversified production factory. The sugar mill has become a multipurpose factory since it produces food, energy, and biofuels at present. The key cause of this change is the use of sugarcane agro-industrial residues as feedstock for energy cogeneration and biofuel production. The main aim of this paper is to carry out an assessment on sugarcane feedstock availability and its energy use in the sugar mill. The trade-off on sugarcane bagasse energy use (electricity cogeneration vs. bioethanol production), considering the agro-industrial development level, is analyzed in this work, too. The better options in each case are highlighted. The main environmental and techno-economic aspects concerning the sugarcane agro-industry were taken into account during the assessment process. The most promising trends of the sugarcane agro-industry and the barriers to overcome in its implementation are pointed out. © 2013 Pippo and Luengo; licensee Springer.41113Zanzi, R., Sjöström, K., Björnbom, E., Rapid high-temperature pyrolysis of biomass in a free fall reactor (1996) Fuel, 75 (5), pp. 545-550Jenkins, B.M., Baxter, L.L., Miles Jr., T.R., Miles, T.R., Combustion properties of biomass (1998) Fuel Process Technol, 54 (1-3), pp. 17-46Dermibas, A., Combustion characteristic of different biomass fuels (2004) Prog. Energy Combust. Sci, 30, pp. 219-230Alonso, P.W., Luengo, C.A., Alonsoamador, M.A.L., Garzone, P., Cornacchia, G., Energy recovery from sugarcane-trash in the light of second generation biofuels. Part 1: Current situation and environmental aspects (2011) Waste Biomass Valor, 2, pp. 1-16Eddine, B.T., Salah, M.M., Solid waste as renewable source of energy: Current and future possibility in Algeria (2012) Int. J. Energy Env. Eng, 3, p. 17Pandyaswargo, A.H., Onoda, H., Nagata, K., Energy recovery potential and life cycle impact assessment of municipal solid waste management technologies in Asian countries using ELP model (2012) Int. J. Energy Env. Eng, 3, p. 28Goldemberg, J., Ethanol for a sustainable energy future (2007) Science, 315, pp. 808-810Moreira, J., Goldemberg, J., The alcohol program (1999) Energy Policy, 27 (4), pp. 229-245Lèbre, L.R.E., Pereira, A.S., Simoes, A.F., Biofuels and sustainable energy development in Brazil (2011) World Dev, 39 (6), pp. 1026-1036Macedo, I.C., (2005) Sugarcane's Energy: Twelve Studies On Brazilian Sugarcane Agribusiness and Its Sustainability (Original In Portuguese), , 1st edition. 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National Company of Supply, BrasiliaFrança, R., Nogueira, L.A.H., Seventy questions to understand ethanol. (Original in Portuguese) [Setenta questões para entender o etanol] (2008) Revista Veja, 2052, pp. 104-114Suleiman, J.H., (2005) Manoel Regis Lima Verde L, de Carvalho Macedo I, , PNUD-CTC, Piracicaba, BrazilMerola, S.S., Tornatore, C., Marchitto, L., Valentino, G., Corcione, F.E., Experimental investigations of butanol-gasoline blends effects on the combustion process in a SI engine (2012) Int. J. Energy Env Eng, 3, p. 6(2010), http://www.indiansugar.com/SugarMap.aspx, ISMA Atlas of sugar mills in India, Accessed 09 Nov 2012(2012), http://www.sugartech.co.za/factories/index.php, Sugar Engineers Sugar factories of the world, Accessed 09 Nov 2012Alonso, P.W., Garzone, P., Cornacchia, G., Agro-industry sugarcane residues disposal: The trends of their conversion into energy carriers in Cuba (2007) Waste Manage, 27, pp. 869-885Alonso-Pippo, W., Luengo, C.A., Koehlinger, J., Garzone, P., Cornacchia, G., Sugarcane energy use: The Cuban case (2008) Energy Policy, 36 (6), p. 21632181Alonso, P.W., Luengo, C.A., Alonsoamador, M.A.L., Garzone, P., Cornacchia, G., Energy recovery from sugarcane-trash in the light of 2nd generation biofuels. Part 2: Socio-economic aspects and techno economic analysis (2011) Waste Biomass Valor, 2, pp. 257-266Larson, E.D., Williams, R.H., Leal, L.V., Regis, M., A review of biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle technology and its application in sugarcane industries with an analysis for Cuba (2001) Energy For Sustainable Development, 5 (1), pp. 54-76Sánchez, T.O., Cardona, A.C.A., Fuel ethanol production (Original in Spanish) (2007) Tizan (ed) [Producción De Alcohol Carburante Una Alternative Para El Desarrollo Agro-industrial], p. 380. , Manizales, Caldas, ColombiaFernández, R.J., Pérez, J.A., Pérez, S.O., Alonso, P.W., Characterization of industrial and agricultural residues of sugarcane for obtaining Biooil (2004) International Conference of Sugarcane Derivates. Diversification, , [Conferencia Internacional de Derivados de la caña de azúcar. Diversificación 2004.], ICIDCA, La HabanaHugot, E., (1986) Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering, , 3rd edition. Elsevier Science, New YorkStefano, M., Johan, M., Guido, Z., Techno-economic evaluation of 2nd generation bioethanol production from sugar cane bagasse and leaves integrated with sugar-based ethanol process (2012) Biotechnol. Biofuels, 5, p. 22Dias, M.O.S., Junqueira, T.L., Cavalet, O., Cunha, M.P., Jesus, C.D.F., Rosell, C.E.V., Filho, R.M., Bonomi, A., Integrated versus stand-alone second generation ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse and trash (2012) Bioresource Technol, 103, pp. 152-161Walter, A., Dolzan, P., Quilodrán, O., de Oliveira, J.G., da Silva, C., Piacente, F., Segerstedt, A., Sustainability assessment of bio-ethanol production in Brazil considering land use change. 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Energy Recovery From Sugarcane-trash In The Light Of 2nd Generation Biofuels. Part 1: Current Situation And Environmental Aspects

The importance of Sugarcane-Trash energy use, also called Sugarcane Agricultural Residues (SCAR) or Barbojo was analyzed in the light of 2nd generation Biofuels. The current challenges and opportunities of SCAR energy use were treated. An analysis focused on current Brazilian situation and experiences around the world, was carried out. The most probable routes for 2nd generation Bioethanol production suitability: Biomass to Liquid and Bio-enzymatic were compared in Brazil. The Brazilian Sugarcane Agro-Industry particularities and its influence on SCAR energy use were analyzed. The most probable use of SCAR, in a short and mid term, is as boiler feedstock. The key environmental aspects related to SCAR use were analyzed. The SCAR decomposition process and its influence into the CO2 emission reduction were explained. The weed control effect of SCAR left in the field was examined. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010.21116Robles-Gil, S., Climate information for biomass energy applications. report on solar energy (2001) Commission for Climatology World Meteorological Organization, , La Paz Mexico, Feb 21Duke, J.A., (1983) Handbook of Energy Crops, , http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Saccharum_officinarum. html#Cultivation, Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant Production. Unpublished, Accessed 10 April 2008Alexander, A.G., (1985) The Energy Cane Alternative, , Sugar series no. 6. Elsevier, USAAlonso Pippo, W., Garzone, P., Cornacchia, G., Agro-industry sugarcane residues disposal: The trends of their conversion into energy carriers in Cuba (2007) Waste Management, 27 (7), pp. 869-885. , DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.05.001, PII S0956053X06001498Hugot, E., (1986) Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering, , 3rd Edition. 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Workshop Colheita de cana-de-açúcar e palha para produção de Etanol (2008) FAPESP, , Sao Paulo, Brazil. 2 FebFernandes, A.C., Oliveira, E.R., Sugarcane-trash measurements in Brazil (1977) Proceedings of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologist Congress, pp. 1963-1973. , Sao PauloMorejón, M.Y., Gastelua, C.A., González, V.R., Milanés, A.F., Robaina, C.M., Economic-energetic evaluation during the harvest transportation of the sugarcane agricultural residuals in the sugar Enterprise "Hector Molina" (2008) Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 17, p. 2. , Universidad Agraria de La HabanaZanzi, R., Sjostrom, K., Bjornbom, E., Rapid high-temperature pyrolysis of biomass in a free-fall reactor (1996) Fuel, 75 (5), pp. 545-550. , DOI 10.1016/0016-2361(95)00304-5Jorapur, R., Rajvanshi, A.K., Sugarcane leaf-bagasse gasifiers for industrial heating applications (1997) Biomass and Bioenergy, 13 (3), pp. 141-146. , DOI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00014-7, PII S0961953497000147Beeharry, R.P., Strategies for augmenting sugarcane biomass availability for power production in mauritius (2001) Biomass Bioenergy, 20, pp. 421-429Walter, A., Ensinas, A.V., Combined production of second-generation biofuels from sugarcane residues (2009) Energy, , doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2009.07.032Larson, E.D., Jin, H., Celik, F.E., (2005) Gasification-Based Fuels and Electricity Production from Biomass without and with Carbon Capture and Storage, p. 77. , Princeton, NJ, PEI, Princeton UniversityBoerrigter, H., Economy of biomas-to-liquids (BTL)plants (2010) An Engineering Assessment, , http://www.ecn.nl/nl/nieuws/newsletter-en/archive-2006/ second-quarter-2006/recentecn-publications/, ECN-C-06-019., Accessed 6 Sept 2010(2008), http://www.conab.gov.br/conabweb/geotecnologia/html_geosafras/ usinasacucaralcool.html, CONAB: Profile of productions units by states. 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Polystyrene/kaolinite Nanocomposite Synthesis And Characterization Via In Situ Emulsion Polymerization

The polymer nanocomposites polystyrene (PS)/kaolinite (Kao) were synthesized by in situ emulsion polymerization. First Kao was modified using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) by a displacement method (Kao-DMSO) and then styrene monomer was intercalated into kaolinite. Two types of nanocomposites were synthesized using 1 and 3 % weight (wt) of Kao-DMSO, respectively, (based on the monomer). The comparison between TGA analyses of nanocomposites with 3 % Kao-DMSO and virgin PS revealed that the thermal decomposition of the nanocomposites with clay began at 20 °C above the temperature of the initial thermal decomposition of virgin PS. This result showed the effect of clay on the thermal stability of PS. The influence of 3 % Kao-DMSO clay on nanocomposites was also observed during a flame retarding test, in which the burning rate was reduced by 50 % when compared to the burning rate for virgin PS

Pbte Quantum Dots Grown By Femtosecond Laser Ablation

Laser ablation (LA) is a thin film fabrication technique which has generated a lot of interest in the past few years as one of the simplest and most versatile methods for the deposition of a wide variety of materials. With the rapid development experienced in the generation of ultra short laser pulses, new possibilities were opened for the laser ablation technique, using femtosecond lasers as ablation source. It is commonly believed that when the temporal length of the laser pulse became shorter than the several picoseconds required to couple the electronic energy to the lattice of the material, thermal effects could not play a significant role. Since the pulse width is too short for thermal effects to take place, with each laser pulse a few atom layers of material are direct vaporized away from the target surface and a better control in the quantum dots (QDs) fabrication could be achieved. In this work we report the fabrication of PbTe QDs by femtosecond laser ablation of a PbTe target in argon atmosphere. Experiments were carried out using a typical LA configuration comprising a deposition chamber and an ultra short pulsed laser (100 fs; 30 mJ) at a central wavelength of 800 nm. PbTe was chosen because its QDs absorption band can be controlled by its size to fall in the spectral window of interest for optical communications (1.3-1.5 μm). This, together with the QD high optical nonlinearity, makes this material an excellent candidate for development of photonic devices. It was investigated the influence of the number of laser pulses in the formation of the nanoparticles. The structural parameters and the surface density of the nanoparticles were studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)..6892Spränger, B., (1988) Appl. Phys. Lett, 53, p. 2582Dashevsky, Z., Belenchuk, A., Gartstein, E., Shapoval, O., (2004) Thin Solid Films, 461, p. 256Jdanov, A., Pelleg, J., Dashevsky, Z., Shneck, R., Mat. Science and Engineering B-Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology (2004), 106, p. 89Rogacheva, E.I., Tavrina, T.V., Nashchekina, O.N., Volobuev, V.V., Fedorov, A.G., Sipatov, A.Y., Dresselhaus, M.S., (2003) Thin Solid Films, 423, p. 257L. Beaunier, H. Cachet, R. Cortes and M. Froment, J. of Electroanalytical Chemistry 532 (2002) 215Springholz, G., Bauer, G., (1995) J. App. Phys, 77, p. 540M. Baleva, E Mateeva and M. Momtchilova, J. of Physics-Condensed Matter 4 (46), (1992) 9009Jacquot, A., Lenoir, B., Boffoue, M.O., (1999) Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, 69, pp. S613-S615. , SupplRodriguez, E., Jimenez, E., Moya, L., Cesar, C.L., Cardoso, L.P., Barbosa, L.C., (2006) Vacuum, 80, p. 841Tudury, G.E., Marquezini, M.V., Ferreira, L.G., Barbosa, L.C., Cesar, C.L., (2000) Phys. Rev. B, 62, p. 7357Jacob, G.J., Cesar, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., (2002) Chem. Phys. Glass, 43 C, p. 250Baleva, M., Mateeva, E., Momtchilova, M., (1992) J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 4, p. 8997Jacquot, A., Lenoir, B., Boffoué, M.O., Dauscher, A., (1999) Appl. Phys. A, 69, pp. S613Rousse, A., Rischel, C., Fourmaux, S., Uschmann, I., Sebban, S., Grillon, G., Baleou, P., Hulin, D., Nature, 410, p. 65Rodriguez, E., Jimenez, E., Cesar, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., (2005) Glass Technology, 46, p. 47Sy-Bor, W., Xianglei, M., Greif, R., Russo, E.E., (2007) J. App. Phys, 101, p. 12310