Women Writers and the Dutch Stage: Public Femininity in the Plays of Verwers and Questiers

Book chapter on the plays of two of the earliest Dutch female playwrights

Postpartum evaluation of cardiovascular disease risk for women with pregnancies complicated by hypertension

Objectives: Postpartum stratification of cardiovascular risk for women with pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia is challenging. Our aim was to identify potential clinical and biomarker predictors of future cardiovascular risk at six weeks postpartum in women with hypertensive pregnancies. Study design: Prospective longitudinal cohort. Main outcome measures: Ten year-Framingham cardiovascular risk scores were calculated for 477 women (94 with gestational hypertension, 288 with pre-eclampsia, 30 with superimposed pre-eclampsia, 51 with chronic hypertension, 14 women with uncomplicated pregnancies). B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) and placental growth factor (PlGF) were quantified at six weeks postpartum. Results: Framingham cardiovascular risk scores were not higher in women with pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia than healthy controls, nor were scores higher in women with pre-existing chronic hypertension complicated with superimposed pre-eclampsia compared with those without superimposed pre-eclampsia. Women with gestational hypertension had higher risk scores than women with pre-eclampsia and healthy controls. Established risk factors of cardiovascular disease including diastolic blood pressure and previously diagnosed chronic hypertension were associated with higher scores, and African ethnicity, parity and estimated glomerular filtration rate also were independently associated with higher Framingham risk scores at six weeks postpartum. PlGF, BNP and NGAL concentrations were not associated with Framingham cardiovascular risk scores after adjustment for independent variables. Conclusions: A history of pre-eclampsia or superimposed pre-eclampsia in most recent pregnancy was not associated with elevated Framingham risk score at six weeks postpartum. Established clinical predictors may enable risk stratification at six weeks postpartum, which are not enhanced by the biomarkers included in this study

Cambridge Women and the Professional World: Navigating Gender Conservatism in the Late Victorian Era

During the late nineteenth century, British women received better education, especially at the university level. In particular, the University of Cambridge opened two women’s colleges, Girton College in 1869 and Newnham College in 1871. The establishment of higher educational institutions greatly contrasted the traditions of the Victorian gender norms, which dictated that women should be feminine, nurturing, and supportive towards their husband and family. Due to this persistence of tradition, these conservative notions of gender influenced Cambridge women throughout their academic and professional lives. Although women may have been limited by gender conservatism in their careers, it is important to note that these limitations did not make their accomplishments less impressive. Furthermore, their strategic navigation of traditional gender roles aided them in successfully establishing their professional presence in their respective fields. Women such as Jane Ellen Harrison, Charlotte Angas Scott, Marion Greenwood Bidder, and Philippa Fawcett used various tactics to establish themselves as academics and help inspire other women in the process. Though exceptional in their upbringing and talents, other Cambridge women commonly practiced their methods of navigating gender conservatism and other social dilemmas. By skillfully conforming to certain gender norms, these women helped revolutionize women’s professional opportunities from within and ushered in the next generation of female academics. Keywords: feminism, gender, nineteenth century, twentieth century, University of Cambridge, university education, Victorian era, women’s histor

Endurance Sports Medicine : A Clinical Guide

Endurance Sports Medicin