Pilot study on university students' opinion about STEM studies at higher education

The percentages of women enrolled in higher education in the STEM sector are significantly lower than those of men. Overall, gender representation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics degrees in Europe is not balanced. The Leaky Pipeline phenomenon, marked by gender stereotypes, makes the latent gender gap a relevant topic of study. Studies exist on academic performance, self-perception, self-efficacy, outcome expectations; however, studying gender stereotypes linked to STEM studies is also essential. It is necessary to know the social and family context in which young people have grown up, as well as their perception of such studies. To study gender stereotypes of university students about STEM studies, a questionnaire has been designed for empirical validation. For the design of the instrument, to be validated, items from other instruments have been taken and adapted to Spanish. After the design of the instrument, an online pilot study has been applied in the University of Salamanca, the University of Valencia and the Polytechnic University of Valencia. A total of 115 people answered the questionnaire. The results of the pilot study reveal that the study sample is not particularly marked by gender stereotypes about gender equality in STEM. Also, the sample is receptive to learning about science and applying it in their lives. On the other hand, the idea that women have to give up their studies and careers to look after their families and children is rejected. The idea that men are more interested in university studies than women is also rejected. At the same time, the sample is aware of the difficulties that women encounter in the STEM sector. Another optimistic point of the results is that there are no alarming data on bad experiences due to gender. In the future, the study will be replicated on a larger scale

Efectividad del ácido tranexámico en las pérdidas sanguíneas perioperatorias en la artroplastia de cadera: revisión sistemática de la literatura y metaanálisis

12 páginasIntroduction and objective: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug used to reduce bleeding in mortality risk situations such as trauma. Our objective was to conduct a systematic literature review to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TXA in reducing bleeding in hip arthroplasty. Material and methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of primary studies similar to controlled trials was performed. Literature was searched in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO and Google Scholar. The review was proposed and undertaken by 2 reviewers and the inclusion criteria were: a) patients undergoing arthroplasty for primary unilateral hip replacement; b) comparison of a treatment group with TXA to a control group that received a placebo or no treatment at all, and c) outcome measures, total blood loss, number of patients receiving allogeneic transfusion and/or incidence of thromboembolic complications. The search was restricted to studies published from 1966 to June 2013. Results: A total of 16 studies with 246 patients were retrieved for this review. The total blood loss outcome evidenced a weighted mean difference in favor of TXA vs. controls undergoing hip arthroplasty (−0.45 [P < 0.001, 95% CI −0.65 to −0.24]). Weighted relative risk was estimated for the allogeneic transfusion requirement outcome, showing a trend in favor the TXA arm, with fewer patients requiring allogeneic transfusion in hip surgery (0.8 [P < 0.02, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.11]); however, this trend was not statistically significant. Limitations: There is a noticeable difference in methods for quantifying total blood loss across the studies reviewed. The need for transfusion outcomes are probably not significant taking into account the number of events in the TXA group. Conclusions: TXA can be routinely used to reduce intra- and post-operative blood loss in primary hip arthroplastyIntroducción y objetivo: El ácido tranexámico (ATX) es un fármaco antifibrinolítico utilizado para la reducción del sangrado en situaciones de riesgo de mortalidad como es el trauma. El objetivo es evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del ATX en la reducción del sangrado operatorio en la artroplastia de cadera mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura y un metaanálisis de estudios primarios tipo ensayos clínicos controlados. La búsqueda de la literatura fue realizada en MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO y Google Scholar. La revisión fue propuesta y realizada por 2 revisores y los criterios de inclusión fueron: a) pacientes sometidos a artroplastia de cadera unilateral primaria; b) comparación de un grupo de tratamiento con ATX frente a un grupo de control que recibió un placebo o ningún tratamiento en absoluto; c) las medidas de resultado: pérdida sanguínea total, número de pacientes sometidos a transfusión alogénica y/o incidencia de complicaciones tromboembólicas. La búsqueda de estudios se realizó desde el ano˜ 1966 a junio de 2013. Resultados: Un total de 16 estudios fueron contemplados para esta revisión, con 246 pacientes incluidos. Se evidenció en el desenlace de pérdida sanguínea total un efecto ponderado de diferencia de promedios a favor de TXA vs. control de los pacientes sometidos a artroplastia de cadera (−0,45 [p < 0,001, IC 95% −0,65 a −0,24]). Se estimó el riesgo relativo ponderado para el desenlace de requerimiento de transfusión alogénica, el cual evidenció una tendencia a favorecer al brazo de ATX con un número de pacientes que requieren menos transfusión alogénica en cirugía de cadera (0,8 [p < 0,02, IC 95% 0,57 a 1,11]), sin embargo, esta tendencia no fue estadísticamente significativa

Efectividad del ácido tranexámico en las pérdidas sanguíneas perioperatorias en la artroplastia de cadera: Revisión sistemática de la literatura y metaanálisis

Introducción y objetivo: El ácido tranexámico (ATX) es un fármaco antifibrinolítico utilizado para la reducción del sangrado en situaciones de riesgo de mortalidad como es el trauma. El objetivo es evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del ATX en la reducción del sangrado operatorio en la artroplastia de cadera mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura y un metaanálisis de estudios primarios tipo ensayos clínicos controlados. La búsqueda de la literatura fue realizada en MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO y Google Scholar. La revisión fue propuesta y realizada por 2 revisores y los criterios de inclusión fueron: a) pacientes sometidos a artroplastia de cadera unilateral primaria; b) comparación de un grupo de tratamiento con ATX frente a un grupo de control que recibió un placebo o ningún tratamiento en absoluto; c) las medidas de resultado: pérdida sanguínea total, número de pacientes sometidos a transfusión alogénica y/o incidencia de complicaciones tromboembólicas. La búsqueda de estudios se realizó desde el ano˜ 1966 a junio de 2013. Resultados: Un total de 16 estudios fueron contemplados para esta revisión, con 246 pacientes incluidos. Se evidenció en el desenlace de pérdida sanguínea total un efecto ponderado de diferencia de promedios a favor de TXA vs. control de los pacientes sometidos a artroplastia de cadera (?0.45 [p < 0,001, IC 95% ?0,65 a ?0,24]). Se estimó el riesgo relativo ponderado para el desenlace de requerimiento de transfusión alogénica, el cual evidenció una tendencia a favorecer al brazo de ATX con un número de pacientes que requieren menos transfusión alogénica en cirugía de cadera (0,8 [p < 0,02, IC 95% 0,57 a 1,11]), sin embargo, esta tendencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Limitaciones: Existe una diferencia notable en los métodos de medición para la cuantificación de las pérdidas sanguíneas totales entre los estudios. El desenlace de necesidad de transfusión no es significativo, probablemente por el número de eventos en el grupo de ATX. Conclusiones: El ATX se puede considerar de uso rutinario en la artroplastia primaria de cadera para reducir la pérdida de sangre intra y posquirúrgica. © 2014 Sociedad Espanola ˜ de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.Introduction and objective: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug used to reduce bleeding in mortality risk situations such as trauma. Our objective was to conduct a systematic literature review to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TXA in reducing bleeding in hip arthroplasty. Material and methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of primary studies similar to controlled trials was performed. Literature was searched in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO and Google Scholar. The review was proposed and undertaken by 2 reviewers and the inclusion criteria were: a) patients undergoing arthroplasty for primary unilateral hip replacement; b) comparison of a treatment group with TXA to a control group that received a placebo or no treatment at all, and c) outcome measures, total blood loss, number of patients receiving allogeneic transfusion and/or incidence of thromboembolic complications. The search was restricted to studies published from 1966 to June 2013. Results: A total of 16 studies with 246 patients were retrieved for this review. The total blood loss outcome evidenced a weighted mean difference in favor of TXA vs. controls undergoing hip arthroplasty (-0.45 [. P<. 0.001, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.24]). Weighted relative risk was estimated for the allogeneic transfusion requirement outcome, showing a trend in favor the TXA arm, with fewer patients requiring allogeneic transfusion in hip surgery (0.8 [. P<. 0.02, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.11]); however, this trend was not statistically significant. Limitations: There is a noticeable difference in methods for quantifying total blood loss across the studies reviewed. The need for transfusion outcomes are probably not significant taking into account the number of events in the TXA group. Conclusions: TXA can be routinely used to reduce intra- and post-operative blood loss in primary hip arthroplasty. © 2014 Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor

Seguridad en el tratamiento de la migraña aguda durante el embarazo: Una revisión sistemática

Background: Migraine is three times more frequent in females than males and is modulated by changes in ovarian hormones throughout different stages of a female's life; migraine thus begins with the onset of menstruation, improves during the second and third trimester of pregnancy and a remission may sometimes be brought about during menopause. Objetive: Evaluating the safety of acute management of migraine during pregnancy. Materials and methods: A systematic review was made of the literature concerning observational analytical studies. A systematic search and selection was made of all analytical studies (cohort studies and cases and controls studies) regarding the acute management of migraine during pregnancy published between January 1966 and September 2007. The search covered the COCHRANE, MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. Data were extracted using the PECOT strategy bearing in mind the intervention strategy, methodological quality and presence of greater or lesser congenital malformations related to the different medicaments used for the acute management of migraine. Results: A total of 389 references were obtained of which 7 articles were selected by title and summary. Four articles complied with the inclusion criteria. No articles were found describing the risk of congenital malformations before being exposed to acetaminophen, anti-inflammatory agents non-steroidal, ergot alkaloids and/ or opioids; just articles related to tryptans (specifically sumatryptan) were found. Conclusions: Only data concerning the risk of congenital malformations arising from sumatryptan use was found regarding all the medicaments used for acute migraine attack, this being insufficient as the information was really poor and the studies had limitations, thereby making it difficult to make statements concerning their safety during pregnancy

Seguridad en el tratamiento de la migraña aguda durante el embarazo: Una revisión sistemática

Background: Migraine is three times more frequent in females than males and is modulated by changes in ovarian hormones throughout different stages of a female's life; migraine thus begins with the onset of menstruation, improves during the second and third trimester of pregnancy and a remission may sometimes be brought about during menopause. Objetive: Evaluating the safety of acute management of migraine during pregnancy. Materials and methods: A systematic review was made of the literature concerning observational analytical studies. A systematic search and selection was made of all analytical studies (cohort studies and cases and controls studies) regarding the acute management of migraine during pregnancy published between January 1966 and September 2007. The search covered the COCHRANE, MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. Data were extracted using the PECOT strategy bearing in mind the intervention strategy, methodological quality and presence of greater or lesser congenital malformations related to the different medicaments used for the acute management of migraine. Results: A total of 389 references were obtained of which 7 articles were selected by title and summary. Four articles complied with the inclusion criteria. No articles were found describing the risk of congenital malformations before being exposed to acetaminophen, anti-inflammatory agents non-steroidal, ergot alkaloids and/ or opioids; just articles related to tryptans (specifically sumatryptan) were found. Conclusions: Only data concerning the risk of congenital malformations arising from sumatryptan use was found regarding all the medicaments used for acute migraine attack, this being insufficient as the information was really poor and the studies had limitations, thereby making it difficult to make statements concerning their safety during pregnancy

Costo-efectividad de la colecistectomía laparoscópica y de la abierta en una muestra de población colombiana

Introduction: Cholecystectomy has been the subject of several clinical and cost comparison studies. Objective: The results of open or laparoscopy cholecystectomy were compared in terms of cost and effectiveness from the perspective of healthcare institutions and from that of the patients. Materials and methods: The cost-effectiveness study was undertaken at two university hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia. The approach was to select the type of cholecystectomy retrospectively and then assess the result prospectively. The cost analysis used the combined approach of micro-costs and daily average cost. Patient resource consumption was gathered from the time of surgery room entry to time of discharge. A sample of 376 patients with cholelithiasis/cystitis (May 2005-June 2006) was selected-156 underwent open cholecystectomy and 220 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The following data were tabulated: (1) frequency of complications and mortality, post-surgical hospital stay, (2) reincorporation to daily activities, (3) surgery duration, (4) direct medical costs, (5) costs to the patient, and (6) mean and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results: Frequency of complications was 13.5% for open cholecystectomy and 6.4% for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.02); hospital stay was longer in open cholecystectomy than in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.003) as well as the reincorporation to daily activities reported by the patients (p less than 0.001). The duration of open cholecystectomy was 22 min longer than laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p less than 0.001). The average cost of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was lower than open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomywas more cost-effective than open cholecystectomy (US$995 vs. US$ 1,048, respectively). The patient out-of-pocket expenses were greater in open cholecystectomy compared to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.015). Mortality was zero. Conclusions: The open laparoscopy procedure was associated with longer hospital stays, whereas the cholecystectomy procedure required a longer surgical duration. The direct cost of the latter was lower for both for the healthcare institution and patients. The cost-effectiveness for both procedures was comparable

Costo-efectividad de la colecistectomía laparoscópica y de la abierta en una muestra de población colombiana

Introduction: Cholecystectomy has been the subject of several clinical and cost comparison studies. Objective: The results of open or laparoscopy cholecystectomy were compared in terms of cost and effectiveness from the perspective of healthcare institutions and from that of the patients. Materials and methods: The cost-effectiveness study was undertaken at two university hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia. The approach was to select the type of cholecystectomy retrospectively and then assess the result prospectively. The cost analysis used the combined approach of micro-costs and daily average cost. Patient resource consumption was gathered from the time of surgery room entry to time of discharge. A sample of 376 patients with cholelithiasis/cystitis (May 2005-June 2006) was selected-156 underwent open cholecystectomy and 220 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The following data were tabulated: (1) frequency of complications and mortality, post-surgical hospital stay, (2) reincorporation to daily activities, (3) surgery duration, (4) direct medical costs, (5) costs to the patient, and (6) mean and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results: Frequency of complications was 13.5% for open cholecystectomy and 6.4% for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.02); hospital stay was longer in open cholecystectomy than in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.003) as well as the reincorporation to daily activities reported by the patients (p less than 0.001). The duration of open cholecystectomy was 22 min longer than laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p less than 0.001). The average cost of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was lower than open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomywas more cost-effective than open cholecystectomy (US$995 vs. US$ 1,048, respectively). The patient out-of-pocket expenses were greater in open cholecystectomy compared to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p=0.015). Mortality was zero. Conclusions: The open laparoscopy procedure was associated with longer hospital stays, whereas the cholecystectomy procedure required a longer surgical duration. The direct cost of the latter was lower for both for the healthcare institution and patients. The cost-effectiveness for both procedures was comparable