Developing the communicative-pragmatic competence in the training of the Russian linguistics bachelor students

The development of the oral and written skills in the practice of teaching foreign languages in the Russian linguistic higher institution pays the major attention to the construction of monologic and dialogical statements without focusing on the pragmatic factors of communication. When mastering language expressions, students do not always correlate them with the specific communicative tasks in a certain situation of foreign language communication, which is due to the ignorance of the pragmatic component. Meanwhile, the correct correlation and use of linguistic units in the process of foreign language communication (adequate to a given situation and intentions) is extremely important at the first or second (freshman and sophomore) years of higher education, when students primarily master the skills of the correct expression means. However, in teaching foreign languages (e.g., German and English), there is a disregard for such pragmatic factors as: setting and defining intentions, social roles and focusing on the interpersonal relations of communicants, targeted communication; isolation of the communicative competence from the pragmatic issues; insufficient study of the discourse content and structure as the means of teaching foreign languages in conjunction with pragmatic characteristics. The authors propose their own methodology for the development of the communicative-pragmatic competence under the conditions of training the prospective bachelors of linguistics. Research methods include systematic approach, provisions of the interdisciplinary approach, competence-based approach, comparative method, modeling method. The communicative-pragmatic model of teaching foreign languages presented in this article has confirmed its effectiveness for the development of oral and written speech practice among bachelor students of the linguistic university. The introduction of the developed methodology will increase the level of the language proficiency and the degree of formation of the students` communicative-pragmatic competence by motivating and expanding their speech capabilities

Small innovation enterprises: Russian data

Increasing the innovation activity of small enterprises is an urgent problem in Russia and its regions. Innovations include both the production of new or improved products (goods and services) that are significantly different from previously produced products, and the introduction of new or more advanced production processes in enterprises that are significantly different from those that were previously used. The aim of the study was to assess the levels of innovation use based on the specific weight of small innovative enterprises in the total number of small enterprises in the regions of Russia. The study used mathematical modeling of empirical data for all regions and the construction of the corresponding density functions of the normal distribution. The official information of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2015, 2017 and 2019 was considered as the initial empirical data. The study included the study of indicators that characterize the share of small innovative enterprises. The average values of the indicators were determined, as well as the ranges of their changes in the regions of Russia. The conclusions of the study, which contain scientific novelty and originality, are as follows: it is proposed to use economic and mathematical models to evaluate the values of indicators that characterize the innovation activity of small enterprises; it is shown that almost every twentieth small enterprise in Russia showed a certain innovation activity during the period under review; it is shown that the values of the specific weights of small innovative enterprises in the total number of small enterprises were significantly differentiated by region; the regions with the maximum and minimum values of the specific weights of small innovative enterprises are identified. &nbsp

Gender aspects of entrepreneurial opportunities and abilities

To date, the involvement of the population in the creation of a business has become an urgent problem. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the opinions of adults that have developed in various states about the opportunities and abilities they have to open their own enterprises. The results of a survey of the adult population on this problem were used as empirical data. The survey conducted in 2018 covered 59 states located in different parts of the world. Our study was aimed at assessing the existing gender differences. The computational experiment allowed the development of six mathematical models. The study showed that in most countries men are more optimistic about their opportunities and abilities to participate in entrepreneurial activities

Motives for Early-Stage Entrepreneurship in Modern Economies

The relevance of the study is due to the important role played by small and individual entrepreneurship in the vast majority of modern national economies. The aim of the study is to assess the indicators describing the ratio of voluntary, highly demanding and necessity-driven entrepreneurs in the total number of start-ups. The results of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project for 2018 were used as input data. Modeling of empirical data and evaluation of differentiation of the considered parameters was based on the development of normal distribution density functions. According to the results of modeling average values and change intervals of specific indicators were established. The originality of the work is associated with the assessment of the share of voluntary, highly demanding and necessity-driven entrepreneurs in the total number of early-stage entrepreneurs in 48 countries. The novelty of the study is due to the assessment of indicators characterizing the current motivation of entrepreneurs, as well as the ratio of the above mentioned indicators. The results of the study can be used in the formation of an entrepreneurial climate aimed at the development of a highly demanding business

Gender aspects of entrepreneurs’ motivation in modern countries

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, an urgent problem is to study the motivation of starting entrepreneurs. The aim of the study is to measure indicators offering the levels of motivation (forced and voluntary) of men and women who want to create their own businesses in modern national economies. Our research is based on empirical data obtained from the 2019 Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project for 59 countries. The study proved that the share of the quantity of men voluntarily involved in the creation of new businesses in most countries is greater than the share of women in the total quantity of relevant gender strata. The average values of six indicators describing the motivation of women and men for the countries under consideration were determined; presented the difference of indicators by country; identified countries with maximum and minimum indicators

Awareness of the economically active population about entrepreneurship: country analysis

Aim of study is to assess level of awareness for economically active population about modern entrepreneurship and its socio-economic significance. A survey of the economically active population on ways to obtain information about the activities of entrepreneurs in 59 countries served as the initial information of the study. Our research was aimed at evaluating indicators that describe the proportion of men and women who received information about entrepreneurship from the media, as well as from familiar entrepreneurs, in whole number gender groups. In course of research, economic and mathematical models were developed. The study showed that in most countries, the economically active population is more focused on business data from the media. It is shown that there is a gender gap in the level of people's awareness of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship for the elderly in Russia: situation and prospects

The increasing number of people of retirement and pre-retirement age, characteristic of Russia, requires a solution to the problem of their employment, including through the development of entrepreneurship in this population group. The objective of the study was to identify the characteristics of the activities of entrepreneurs in the elderly in Russia and the dynamics of this venture in recent years and in the future. Statistical information on the age structure of the population, as well as the corresponding demographic forecast for Russia, was used as initial data in the study. During the course of the study, the characteristics of early-age entrepreneurship were considered, their levels were evaluated for the period from 2013 to 2018. The results of the study indicate a constant decrease in the proportion of early-age entrepreneurs in the Total population of Russia from 2013 to 2018. A forecast of the potential number of start-up entrepreneurs for the future up to 2035 is proposed according to three options. Not all seniors can be senior entrepreneurs, as not everyone has the corresponding capabilities and intentions and is ready to create their own businesses.El creciente número de personas en edad de jubilación y prejubilación, característico de Rusia, requiere una solución al problema de su empleo, incluso mediante el desarrollo del espíritu empresarial en este grupo de población. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las características de las actividades de los emprendedores en la tercera edad en Rusia y la dinámica de este emprendimiento en los últimos años y en el futuro. La información estadística sobre la estructura de edad de la población, así como el pronóstico demográfico correspondiente para Rusia, se utilizó como datos iniciales en el estudio. En el transcurso del estudio, se consideraron las características del emprendimiento temprano en la tercera edad, se evaluaron sus niveles para el período de 2013 a 2018. Los resultados del estudio indican una disminución constante en la proporción de emprendedores tempranos de la tercera edad en la población total de Rusia de 2013 a 2018. Se propone una previsión del número potencial de emprendedores de nueva creación para el futuro hasta 2035 según tres opciones. No todas las personas mayores pueden ser emprendedores de la tercera edad, ya que no todos tienen las capacidades e intenciones correspondientes y están preparados para crear sus propios negocios