Network Analysis Identifies ELF3 as a QTL for the Shade Avoidance Response in Arabidopsis

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analyses in immortal populations are a powerful method for exploring the genetic mechanisms that control interactions of organisms with their environment. However, QTL analyses frequently do not culminate in the identification of a causal gene due to the large chromosomal regions often underlying QTLs. A reasonable approach to inform the process of causal gene identification is to incorporate additional genome-wide information, which is becoming increasingly accessible. In this work, we perform QTL analysis of the shade avoidance response in the Bayreuth-0 (Bay-0, CS954) x Shahdara (Sha, CS929) recombinant inbred line population of Arabidopsis. We take advantage of the complex pleiotropic nature of this trait to perform network analysis using co-expression, eQTL and functional classification from publicly available datasets to help us find good candidate genes for our strongest QTL, SAR2. This novel network analysis detected EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3; AT2G25930) as the most likely candidate gene affecting the shade avoidance response in our population. Further genetic and transgenic experiments confirmed ELF3 as the causative gene for SAR2. The Bay-0 and Sha alleles of ELF3 differentially regulate developmental time and circadian clock period length in Arabidopsis, and the extent of this regulation is dependent on the light environment. This is the first time that ELF3 has been implicated in the shade avoidance response and that different natural alleles of this gene are shown to have phenotypic effects. In summary, we show that development of networks to inform candidate gene identification for QTLs is a promising technique that can significantly accelerate the process of QTL cloning

Entre ganhos e perdas simbólicas: a (des) mobilização das enfermeiras que atuaram na Segunda Guerra Mundial Entre lucros y perjuicios simbólicos: la (des) movilización de las enfermeras que actuaron en la Segunda Guerra Mundial Between profits and symbolic losses: the (de) mobilization of the nurses who had acted in the World War II

Estudo histórico-social. Objetivos: descrever as circunstâncias que ensejaram a mobilização e a desmobilização do primeiro grupamento feminino de enfermagem do Exército que atuou no Serviço de Saúde da Força Expedicionária Brasileira durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial e analisar os efeitos simbólicos advindos da atuação deste grupamento. As fontes primárias constituíram-se de depoimentos orais, documentos escritos e/ou oficiais, jornais da época e biografias. As secundárias foram compostas do acervo bibliográfico existente sobre a referida temática. Os achados foram iluminados pelos conceitos de habitus e campo do sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, que evidenciaram ganhos e perdas simbólicas processadas por ocasião da mobilização e da desmobilização destas voluntárias para a guerra. Conclui-se que das lutas simbólicas travadas, as enfermeiras acabaram sofrendo os reflexos da dominação masculina orquestrada no contexto político-social do Brasil à época, o que trouxe como conseqüência a (re) atualização de seu habitus.<br>Estudio histórico-social. Objetivos: describir las circunstancias que ocasionaron la movilización y la desmovilización del primer grupo femenino de enfermería del Ejército que participó del Servicio de Salud de la Fuerza de Expedición Brasileña mientras la Segunda Guerra Mundial ocurría y analizar los efectos simbólicos del funcionamiento de este grupo. Las fuentes primarias fueron declaraciones orales, documentos escritos, biografías y periódicos de la época. Las secundarias fueron compuestas del acervo bibliográfico que existe sobre la referida temática. Todo lo que fue descubierto fue iluminado por los conceptos de "habitus" y campo del sociólogo Pierre Bordieu, que evidenciaron lucros y perjuicios simbólicos por ocasión de la movilización y de la desmovilización de estas voluntarias para la Guerra. Se ha concluido que de las luchas simbólicas trabadas, las enfermeras acabaron sUfriendo los reflejos de la dominación masculina en el contexto político-social de Brasil a la época, lo que trajo como consecuencia la (re) actualización de sus "habitus".<br>Descriptive and social study. Objectives: to describe the circumstances that had tried the mobilization and the demobilization of the first feminine grouping of nursing of the Army that acted in the Service of Health of the Force Brazilian Member of an expedition during World War II and to analyze the happened symbolic effect of the performance of this grouping. The primary sources had consisted of verbal depositions, written and/or official documents, periodicals of the time and biographies. The secondary ones had been composed of the existing bibliographical quantity on the thematic related one. The findings had been illuminated by the concepts of "habitus" and field of the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, whom profits and processed symbolic losses for occasion of the mobilization and the demobilization of these volunteers for the war had evidenced. It was concluded that to stop symbolic fights, the nurses had finished suffering the consequences from the masculine domination orchestrated in the Brazil's political and social context at the time, what brought as consequence the update of its "habitus"