The Evolving Impact of the Ogallala Aquifer: Agricultural Adaptation to Groundwater and Climate

Agriculture on the American Great Plains has been constrained by historical water scarcity. After World War II, technological improvements made groundwater from the Ogallala aquifer available for irrigation. Comparing counties over the Ogallala with nearby similar counties, groundwater access increased irrigation intensity and initially reduced the impact of droughts. Over time, land-use adjusted toward water-intensive crops and drought-sensitivity increased; conversely, farmers in water-scarce counties maintained drought-resistant practices that fully mitigated higher drought-sensitivity. Land values capitalized the Ogallala's value at $26 billion in 1974; as extraction remained high and water levels declined, the Ogallala's value fell to$9 billion in 2002.

Life-Threatening Hypercalcemia due to Graves' Disease and Concomitant Adrenal Failure: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 47-year-old woman presented with the complaints of nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. She had a history of bilateral surrenalectomy due to Cushing's syndrome. On examination she had tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension. Laboratory examinations revealed hypercalcemia and suppressed parathyroid hormone levels. She also had thyrotoxicosis due to Graves' disease. The investigations to rule out a malignancy were negative. With steroid, zoledronic acid, and antithyroid drug treatment her symptoms were resolved and calcium level was normalized. This case highlights the importance of recognizing thyrotoxicosis and concomitant adrenal failure as a possible cause of severe hypercalcemia

Beslenme ve sporun adolesan sporcularda büyüme durumuna etkisi

Bu araştırma adolesan dönemde büyüme kriterlerinden boy ve kilo persentil değerleriyle spor aktivitesi ve beslenme durumunun bağlantısını incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya 43 kadın, 50 erkek olmak üzere 93 adölesan sporcu katılmıştır. Araştırma verileri kişisel bilgi formu ve boy kilo ölçümü yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizlerinde frekans, yüzde ve Ki-kare Fisher Kesinlik Testi kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizlerde anlamlılık düzeyi olarak (p<0,05) değeri kabul edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulardan katılımcıların kendi belirledikleri bir beslenme programını uygulama durumları ile boy persetil ve kilo percentil durumları arasında istatistiksel olarak bağlantılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Haftalık antrenman sıklığı, günlük öğün sayısı ve günlük öğün atlama durumlarının ise boy ve kilo persentil durumlarıyla istatistiksel olarak bağlantılı bulunmamıştır (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak herhangi bir uzman tavsiyesine dayanmayan, bilinçsiz uygulanan diyetlerin adolesan dönemde, çocukların boy ve kilo percentil durumunu dolayısıyla büyüme ve gelişim düzeylerini olumsuz etkileyebileceği şeklinde yorumlanabilir

Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≥week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/heep The Historically Evolving Impact of the Ogallala Aquifer: Agricultural Adaptation to Groundwater and Drought

The Harvard Environmental Economics Program (HEEP) develops innovative answers to today’s complex environmental issues, by providing a venue to bring together faculty and graduate students from across Harvard University engaged in research, teaching, and outreach in environmental and natural resource economics and related public policy. The program sponsors research projects, convenes workshops, and supports graduate education to further understanding of critical issues in environmental, natural resource, and energy economics and policy around the world. Acknowledgments The Enel Endowment for Environmental Economics at Harvard University provides major support for HEEP. The Endowment was established in February 2007 by a generous capital gift from Enel SpA, a progressive Italian corporation involved in energy production worldwide. HEEP receives additional support from the affiliated Enel Foundation. HEEP is also funded by grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the James M. and Cathleen D. Stone Foundation, Chevron Services Company, Duke Energy Corporation, and Shell. HEEP enjoys an institutional home in and support from the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at the Harvard Kennedy School. HEEP collaborates closely with the Harvar

Replication data for: "Breaking the Cycle? Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Violence"

Review of Economics and Statistics: Forthcomin

Multicritical behavior of the antiferromagnetic spin-3/2 Blume-Emery-Griffiths model

The multicritical behavior of the antiferromagnetic spin-(3)/(2) Blume-Emery-Griffiths model in an external magnetic field is 2 studied within the lowest approximation of the cluster variation method. We have investigated the thermal variations of order parameters for different values of interaction parameters and external magnetic field and constructed the resulting phase diagrams. The model exhibits distinct critical regions, including the first-order, second-order tricritical point, double critical point and zero critical point. Comparison of the phase diagrams with closely related systems is made. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved