The effects of tags on the evolution of honest signaling

In the study described here we examine the importance of social tags in the emergence and maintenance of signaling, using the Sir Philip Sydney Game. We use tags in the calcu-lation of inclusive fitness for members in a finite population, and analyze their evolution under different population distri-butions. We support the claim that inclusive fitness theory may not be sufficient to explain the evolution of cooperation. While cooperativity through honest signaling is sometimes achieved with tag-based relatedness, we suggest that the im-portance of tag-based mechanisms may not simply be due to their role in kin selection

Point-light biological motion perception activates human premotor cortex

Motion cues can be surprisingly powerful in defining objects and events. Specifically, a handful of point-lights attached to the joints of a human actor will evoke a vivid percept of action when the body is in motion. The perception of point-light biological motion activates posterior cortical areas of the brain. On the other hand, observation of others' actions is known to also evoke activity in motor and premotor areas in frontal cortex. In the present study, we investigated whether point-light biological motion animations would lead to activity in frontal cortex as well. We performed a human functional magnetic resonance imaging study on a high-field-strength magnet and used a number of methods to increase signal, as well as cortical surface-based analysis methods. Areas that responded selectively to point-light biological motion were found in lateral and inferior temporal cortex and in inferior frontal cortex. The robust responses we observed in frontal areas indicate that these stimuli can also recruit action observation networks, although they are very simplified and characterize actions by motion cues alone. The finding that even point-light animations evoke activity in frontal regions suggests that the motor system of the observer may be recruited to "fill in" these simplified displays

SELF-REGULATION OF NOVICE MIDDLE SCHOOL MATHEMATICS TEACHERS IN THE PREPARATION PROCESS FOR TEACHING

This study analyses the self-regulation (goal setting and planning) of the novice middle school mathematics teachers during the preparation phase of teaching. The study is designed as a case study. The participants are six mathematics teachers with less than five-year teaching experience. The data were collected through interviews, observations and document analysis. In regard to the observations, the teaching of certain topics (e.g., basic elements of prisms) were observed to uncover the classroom behavior of the participants. In the semi-structured interviews carried out after the class observations, the participants were asked some questions about their goals and planning concerning the related teaching activities. The findings of the study indicate that the participants do not exhibit the goal setting and planning activities that are consistent with the conceptual learning covered in the mathematics education program. It is also found that they do not set clear goals and develop detailed planning in regard to teaching activities

Culture and molecular methods as complementary tools for water quality management

Bacterial communities in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) were characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to identify HPC isolates and the obtained results were compared to 16S rRNA (V4) metabarcoding data acquired in a previous study. Sixty-three samples were collected at nine stages of the potabilization process: river water and groundwater intake, decantation, sand filtration, ozonization, carbon filtration, reverse osmosis, the mixing chamber and post-chlorination drinking water. In total, 1807 bacterial colonies were isolated, 32 % of which were successfully identified to at least the genus level by MALDI-TOF MS using our previously developed Drinking Water Library. Trends in diversity were similar by both approaches, but differences were observed in the detection of taxa, especially at lower hierarchy levels. High bacterial diversity was observed in river and groundwater, where Proteobacteria predominated. The diversity decreased significantly after the chlorination step, where Bacillus sp. (Firmicutes) and an unknown genus of Obscuribacteraceae (Cyanobacteria) were the most prevalent genera according to MALDI-TOF MS and metabarcoding, respectively. The two approaches gave similar results for the decantation, sand filtration and mixing chamber steps, where the most abundant taxon was Flavobacterium. The combined use of these culture-based and culture-independent methods to characterize microbial populations may help to better understand the role of bacteria in water treatment and quality, which will be of value for DWTP management

Issues and Challenges Facing Low Latency in Tactile Internet

Tactile Internet is considered as the next step towards a revolutionary impact on the society, this is due to the introduction of different types of applications mainly the haptic ones that require strict Quality of Service guarantee especially in terms of latency. This would be a major challenge towards the design of new communication technologies and protocols in order to provide ultra-low latency. This article discusses the diverse technologies, communication protocols, and the necessary infrastructure to provide low latency based principally on the fifth generation (5G) of mobile network that is considered as the key enablers of the Tactile Internet. Furthermore, current research direction along with future challenges and open issues are discussed extensively

Synthesis and structural characterization of Zn-containing DAF-1

A study exploring the use of ionic liquid reactions based on imidazolium halides in molecular sieve synthesis has produced a novel zincoaluminophosphate material with an open DFO-type framework structure. This framework structure had only been observed previously in the magnesioaluminophosphate system (Mg-DAF-1) where decamethonium was used as the structure directing agent. The new Zn-DAF-1 material has been characterized using chemical and thermogravimetric analysis and ^(13)C, ^(19)F, ^(27)Al and ^(31)P MAS NMR techniques. Structure analysis (P6/mcc, a = 22.2244(1) Å, c = 42.3293(3) Å) using synchrotron powder diffraction data not only confirmed the framework structure, but also revealed the locations of the Al, P and Zn atoms in the framework, the N,N′-di-isopropyl-imidazolium (DIPI) ions in the pores, some fluoride ions associated with double 4-rings, and some water molecules and anions filling the remaining space. This level of structural detail had not been possible in the Mg-DAF-1 material. Four different locations for the DIPI cation were found in the two 12-ring channels and Zn was found to substitute for only one of the six crystallographically distinct Al sites to yield the approximate crystal chemical formula |(DIPI)_(17)(OH,F)_(11)(H2O)_(23)|[Zn_6Al_(126)P_(132)O_(528)]-DFO

Endocytic recycling via the TGN underlies the polarized hyphal mode of growth

Intracellular traffic in Aspergillus nidulans hyphae must cope with the challenges that the high rates of apical extension (1μm/min) and the long intracellular distances (>100 μm) impose. Understanding the ways in which the hyphal tip cell coordinates traffic to meet these challenges is of basic importance, but is also of considerable applied interest, as fungal invasiveness of animals and plants depends critically upon maintaining these high rates of growth. Rapid apical extension requires localization of cell-wall-modifying enzymes to hyphal tips. By combining genetic blocks in different trafficking steps with multidimensional epifluorescence microscopy and quantitative image analyses we demonstrate that polarization of the essential chitin-synthase ChsB occurs by indirect endocytic recycling, involving delivery/exocytosis to apices followed by internalization by the sub-apical endocytic collar of actin patches and subsequent trafficking to TGN cisternae, where it accumulates for ~1 min before being re-delivered to the apex by a RAB11/TRAPPII-dependent pathway. Accordingly, ChsB is stranded at the TGN by Sec7 inactivation but re-polarizes to the apical dome if the block is bypassed by a mutation in geaAgea1 that restores growth in the absence of Sec7. That polarization is independent of RAB5, that ChsB predominates at apex-proximal cisternae, and that upon dynein impairment ChsB is stalled at the tips in an aggregated endosome indicate that endocytosed ChsB traffics to the TGN via sorting endosomes functionally located upstream of the RAB5 domain and that this step requires dynein-mediated basipetal transport. It also requires RAB6 and its effector GARP (Vps51/Vps52/Vps53/Vps54), whose composition we determined by MS/MS following affinity chromatography purification. Ablation of any GARP component diverts ChsB to vacuoles and impairs growth and morphology markedly, emphasizing the important physiological role played by this pathway that, we propose, is central to the hyphal mode of growth

Location of Ge and extra-framework species in the zeolite ITQ-24

The germanosilicate ITQ-24 (IWR framework type) was synthesized in fluoride medium using 1,3,5-tris(1,2-dimethylimidazolium) benzene as the structure directing agent (SDA). A structure analysis of the as-synthesized ITQ-24 material using synchrotron powder diffraction data and difference electron density calculations have allowed the fluoride ions and the germanium atoms to be located and the conformation of the SDA to be determined. The benzyl ring is perpendicular to the b axis with the three imidazolium moieties forming a “T-shaped” arrangement. Ge atoms replace some of the Si in the double-4-ring (d4r) and in one of the single-4-rings (s4r). The other s4r contains only Si. Fluoride ions are in the d4r units. Initially, the space group Cmmm (highest possible symmetry) was assumed, but the framework geometry was strained. An independent evaluation of the symmetry using the powder charge flipping algorithm in Superflip led to a successful refinement with reasonable geometry and a refined composition of |[(C_6H_3)(C_7H_(10)N_2)_3]_2F_2|[Si_(40.2)Ge_(15.8)O_(112)] in the space group Pban

Optimizing TOC and COD removal for the biodiesel wastewater by electrocoagulation

In this study, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the total organic carbon content (TOC) in biodiesel wastewater iron and aluminum electrodes arranged in a bipolar position. In the EC of the biodiesel wastewater, the effects of the supporting electrolyte, initial pH, electrolysis time and current density were examined. The results showed that the majority of the pollutants in the biodiesel wastewater were effectively removed when the iron or aluminum electrodes were used as a sacrificial anode. The highest COD and TOC removal efficiencies were successfully obtained with the iron electrode. COD removal efficiencies are 91.74 and 90.94% for iron and aluminum electrode, respectively. In the same way, TOC removal efficiencies were obtained as 91.79 and 91.98% for the iron and aluminum electrodes, respectively, at initial pH of 6, the current density of 0.3226 mA/cm(2), NaCl concentration 1 g/L and 1 min of operating time