Sifting Through the Arbitrators for the Woman, the Minority, the Newcomer

This Note examines the process of choosing an arbitrator in international arbitration. Much of the debate and criticism of this process addresses the lack of diversity in arbitral tribunals around the world. Diversity in this context means not only traditional diversity (i.e. gender, race, ethnicity), but also the basic idea of adding fresh faces to arbitral tribunals. Yet the ethical obligation to provide a client with the best chance to prevail encourages counsel to choose a familiar, wellknown name with an established track record over a littleknown dark horse. This tension illustrates a fundamental point of friction in international arbitration: choosing experienced arbitrators or fresh faces, and which group ensures continued success of international arbitration as a dispute-resolution system. This Note argues that much of the debate and the calls to action are unconvincing for two reasons. First, the unsupported arguments used to justify proactive efforts to diversify arbitral tribunals frustrate skeptics from seeing the actual benefits that diversity could bring. Second, the yearly surveys that state the same findings--that arbitral tribunals are not diverse enough--are crucially misdirected. Instead, the groups behind those surveys would be better served to show how diversity of arbitral tribunals could solve other problematic areas in international arbitration--like lengthy proceedings and rising costs. Once clients and counsel alike begin to take notice of diversity\u27s collateral effect, the subsequent natural shift to a more diverse arbitrator pool will occur and prove sustainable for the health of the whole system

Review of \u3ci\u3eSustaining the Cherokee Family: Kinship and the Allotment of an Indigenous Nation\u3c/i\u3e by Rose Stremlau

Cherokee families, Rose Stremlau states in her elegantly written book, were and remain egalitarian, flexible, inclusive, and decentralized. These characteristics, she argues, have provided stability through difficult times, as Cherokee families faced colonization, displacement and removal, the Civil War, and ultimately the allotment policy of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries {although it is important to note that she also carries her analysis beyond the allotment era, into the mid-to-late twentieth century}. Using U.S. and Cherokee census data, Dawes Commission records, Guion Miller Commission applications, probate records, articles from the national Cherokee Advocate, and oral histories in the Doris Duke Collection, the Indian Pioneer Papers, and in the collections of the Oklahoma Historical Society, Stremlau examines a sample of about 200 people in and around the community of Chewey {located in what was once called the Goingsnake District and is known now as Adair County, Oklahoma}. To this rich documentary record she employs ethnohistorical methods and uses intimacy as an analytical concept, skillfully and compassionately humanizing the bureaucracy of allotment by writing about each person as unique and fully human

Application of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Examine Free Radicals in Melanin Polymers and the Human Melanoma Malignum Cells

The studies of free radicals in melanin and the human melanoma malignum cells by an X-band (9.3 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy were presented. The original results were compared with those published earlier. The aim of this work was application of the advanced spectral analysis to determine free radical properties in melanin biopolymers obtained from different melanotic tumor cells and free radicals existing in the human melanoma cells. Magnetic spin-lattice interactions in melanin samples were tested. The evolution of lineshape of tumor cells with increasing of microwave power was determined to confirm their complex free radical system. The useful shape parameters were proposed. The shape of melanotic tumor cells was analyzed. EPR spectra of free radicals in the melanin isolated from different tumor cells measured in the wide range of microwave power were analyzed. The melanins were obtained from the control tumor cells and the cells cultured with the several antitumor substances. The usefulness of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was confirmed

Merged Two-Stage Power Converter With Soft Charging Switched-Capacitor Stage in 180 nm CMOS

In this paper, we introduce a merged two-stage dc-dc power converter for low-voltage power delivery. By separating the transformation and regulation function of a dc-dc power converter into two stages, both large voltage transformation and high switching frequency can be achieved. We show how the switched-capacitor stage can operate under soft charging conditions by suitable control and integration (merging) of the two stages. This mode of operation enables improved efficiency and/or power density in the switched-capacitor stage. A 5-to-1 V, 0.8 W integrated dc-dc converter has been developed in 180 nm CMOS. The converter achieves a peak efficiency of 81%, with a regulation stage switching frequency of 10 MHz.Interconnect Focus Center (United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and Semiconductor Research Corporation

Submodule Integrated Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking for Solar Photovoltaic Applications

This paper explores the benefits of distributed power electronics in solar photovoltaic applications through the use of submodule integrated maximum power point trackers (MPPT). We propose a system architecture that provides a substantial increase in captured energy during partial shading conditions, while at the same time enabling significant overall cost reductions. This is achieved through direct integration of miniature MPPT power converters into existing junction boxes. We describe the design and implementation of a high-efficiency (>;98%) synchronous buck MPPT converter, along with digital control techniques that ensure both local and global maximum power extraction. Through detailed experimental measurements under real-world conditions, we verify the increase in energy capture and quantify the benefits of the architecture.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 0925147