Comparação de três diferentes modelos animais para avaliação de patogenicidade de cepas de Pasteurella multocida isoladas de aves e suínos, e associação da patogenicidade a diferentes grupos moleculares

Apesar de ser uma bactéria que compõe a microbiota respiratória, sob algumas circunstâncias pode manifestar-se como um agente patogênico primário ou secundário, causando doença em aves e outros animais. Como agente primário, P. multocida leva a grandes perdas econômicas, causando cólera em aves, rinite atrófica em suínos e septicemia hemorrágica em bovinos e bubalinos. P. multocida é uma espécie heterogênea e a patogenicidade dos isolados pode ser amplamente variável. A suscetibilidade do hospedeiro a essas cepas varia consideravelmente entre espécies. Inoculações experimentais em camundongos e aves são comumente usadas para avaliar a patogenicidade de diferentes cepas, mas os resultados são geralmente subjetivos e pouco mensuráveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma nova metodologia para classificar a patogenicidade de cepas de P. multocida, através da formulação de um índice padrão. Para determinar esse índice, foram selecionadas 97 amostras de P. multocida, isoladas de cólera em aves e rinite em suínos. Cem microlitros de uma cultura bacteriana contendo 103 UFC/mL de cada isolado de P. multocida, foram inoculados pela cavidade córioalantoide, em 3 ovos embrionados. Além da mortalidade causada pela infecção, o tempo de morte e as lesões macroscópicas foram avaliados. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre isolados de aves e suínos em relação aos índices de patogenicidade. O número de lesões e o percentual de bactérias recuperadas dos embriões inoculados também variaram de acordo com a origem do isolado. A partir dos índices observados, os isolados foram distribuídos em três classes de patogenicidade: alta, média e baixa. A avaliação dos diferentes índices de patogenicidade, estudados neste trabalho, permitem o estabelecimento de novos modelos de avaliação de patogenicidade de isolados de P. multocida e podem ser uma alternativa aos modelos subjetivos até então utilizados. A comparação dos índices de patogenicidade obtidos nos diferentes modelos analisados nos permite afirmar que a variação esperada para os diferentes modelos não pode ser observada. A análise dos diferentes perfis genéticos obtidos para as cepas de origem aviária, a partir da clivagem do gene ompH e da técnica de PCR-RFLP também não revelou diferença estatística entre os perfis obtidos e suas respectivas patogenicidades obtidas no modelo experimental de camundongos.Although it is a bacterium that makes up the respiratory microbiota, under some circumstances it may manifest itself as a primary or secondary pathogen, causing disease in birds and other animals. As a primary agent, P. multocida leads to severe economic losses, causing cholera in birds, atrophic rhinitis in pigs and hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes. P. multocida is a heterogeneous species and the pathogenicity of the isolates can be widely variable. The susceptibility of the host to these strains varies considerably between species. Experimental inoculations in mice and birds are commonly used to evaluate the pathogenicity of different strains, but the results are generally subjective and poorly measurable. The objective of this work was to establish a new methodology to classify the pathogenicity of P. multocida strains by formulating a standard index. To determine this index, 97 samples of P. multocida, isolated from cholera in birds and rhinitis in swine, were selected. One hundred microliters of a bacterial culture containing 103 CFU / mL of each P. multocida isolate were inoculated by the chorioallantoic cavity in 3 embryonated eggs. In addition to infection mortality, time of death and macroscopic lesions were assessed. Significant differences were observed between isolates of birds and pigs in relation to pathogenicity indexes. The number of lesions and the percentage of bacteria recovered from the inoculated embryos also varied according to the origin of the isolate. From the observed indices, the isolates were distributed in three pathogenicity classes: high, medium and low. The evaluation of the different pathogenicity indexes, studied in this work, allows the establishment of new pathogenicity evaluation models of P. multocida isolates and may be an alternative to the subjective models previously used. The comparison of the pathogenicity indices obtained in the different models analyzed allows us to state that the variation expected for the different models can not be observed. The analysis of the different genetic profiles obtained for the strains of avian origin, from the cleavage of the ompH gene and the PCR-RFLP technique also did not reveal statistical difference between the profiles obtained and their respective pathogenicities obtained in the experimental model of mice. Key words: Pasteurella multocida, pathogenicity index, embryonated eggs, mice, chicks

Avaliação da capacidade de formação de biofilme por cepas de Pasteurella multocida isoladas de casos de cólera aviária e de pulmões de suínos e sua relação com a patogenicidade

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacillus that causes economic losses due to the development of respiratory diseases in several animal species. Among the mechanisms of virulence, the formation of biofilms is an important factor for bacterial survival in hostile environments. Studies of biofilm formation by P. multocida are needed because P. multocida is an important pathogen involved in respiratory infections. However, in contrast to other microorganisms, few studies of biofilm formation have examined P. multocida. Studies comparing the pathogenicity of microbial strains as a function of their biofilm production capacity are also rare. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biofilm formation capacity of 94 P. multocida strains isolated from cases of fowl cholera and from swine lungs on polystyrene plates. The associations of the biofilm formation capacity with the pathogenicity index (PI) in vivo and with the presence of four genes (screened by PCR) of the tad locus (tadB, tadD, tadE and tadG), described as adhesion markers, were also determined. Strains from both animal origins were able to form biofilms. However, most of the specimens (52.13%) were classified as weak producers, and more than 40% of the strains of P. multocida (40.42%) did not produce biofilms There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the degree of biofilm production between the two sources of isolation. Of the analyzed strains, 56.52% contained all four genes (tadB, tadD, tadE and tadG). The PI arithmetic mean of the strains classified as non-biofilm producers was significantly different (p0.05) with the production of biofilms and with the origin of a given strain. Finally, low virulence strains may suggest a higher biofilm formation capacity on polystyrene plates.Pasteurella multocida é um bacilo Gram negativo que ocasiona perdas econômicas, geralmente associadas a doenças respiratórias em diversas espécies animais. Entre os mecanismos de virulência existentes, a formação de biofilmes demonstra ser um importante fator para a proteção e para a sobrevivência bacteriana em ambientes hostis. Estudos relacionados à formação de biofilmes por P. multocida são necessários, uma vez que este é um importante patógeno envolvido em infecções respiratórias. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os estudos desenvolvidos nesta área, quando comparados com aqueles envolvendo outros microrganismos. Também são os raros os estudos que comparam a patogenicidade das cepas com a sua capacidade de produção de biofilme. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de formação de biofilme em placas de poliestireno de 94 cepas de P. multocida isoladas de casos de cólera aviária e de pulmões de suínos, associando-se com o índice de patogenicidade (IP) in vivo e com a presença de quatro genes do locus tad (tadB, tadD, tadE e tadG), descritos como marcadores de adesão e pesquisados através de PCR. As cepas de ambas as origens foram capazes de formar biofilme. Contudo, a maioria dos exemplares (52,12%) foi classificada como fracamente produtora e mais de 40% das cepas de P. multocida (40,42%) não produziram biofilme Não foi observada diferença estatística (p>0,05) quanto ao grau de produção de biofilme entre as duas origens de isolamento. 56,52% das cepas analisadas apresentaram os quatro genes (tadB, tadD, tadE e tadG) concomitantemente. O IP médio das cepas classificadas como não produtoras de biofilme apresentou diferença estatística (p˂0,05) em relação ao IP das cepas moderadamente produtoras. Os exemplares classificados como fracamente produtores de biofilme diferiram significativamente (p˂0,05) do grupo de cepas moderadamente produtoras. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que, apesar de as cepas de P. multocida isoladas de casos de cólera aviária e do pulmão de suínos apresentarem capacidade de formar biofilme em superfícies de poliestireno, a adesão ocorreu geralmente de forma fraca. Os genes tadB, tadD, tadE e tadG, pertencentes ao locus tad, não apresentaram associação significativa com a produção de biofilme e nem com a origem de isolamento da cepa. Por fim, observou-se que as cepas de menor patogenicidade apresentaram uma maior capacidade de formação de biofilme em placas de poliestireno

Comparação de três diferentes modelos animais para avaliação de patogenicidade de cepas de Pasteurella multocida isoladas de aves e suínos, e associação da patogenicidade a diferentes grupos moleculares

Apesar de ser uma bactéria que compõe a microbiota respiratória, sob algumas circunstâncias pode manifestar-se como um agente patogênico primário ou secundário, causando doença em aves e outros animais. Como agente primário, P. multocida leva a grandes perdas econômicas, causando cólera em aves, rinite atrófica em suínos e septicemia hemorrágica em bovinos e bubalinos. P. multocida é uma espécie heterogênea e a patogenicidade dos isolados pode ser amplamente variável. A suscetibilidade do hospedeiro a essas cepas varia consideravelmente entre espécies. Inoculações experimentais em camundongos e aves são comumente usadas para avaliar a patogenicidade de diferentes cepas, mas os resultados são geralmente subjetivos e pouco mensuráveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma nova metodologia para classificar a patogenicidade de cepas de P. multocida, através da formulação de um índice padrão. Para determinar esse índice, foram selecionadas 97 amostras de P. multocida, isoladas de cólera em aves e rinite em suínos. Cem microlitros de uma cultura bacteriana contendo 103 UFC/mL de cada isolado de P. multocida, foram inoculados pela cavidade córioalantoide, em 3 ovos embrionados. Além da mortalidade causada pela infecção, o tempo de morte e as lesões macroscópicas foram avaliados. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre isolados de aves e suínos em relação aos índices de patogenicidade. O número de lesões e o percentual de bactérias recuperadas dos embriões inoculados também variaram de acordo com a origem do isolado. A partir dos índices observados, os isolados foram distribuídos em três classes de patogenicidade: alta, média e baixa. A avaliação dos diferentes índices de patogenicidade, estudados neste trabalho, permitem o estabelecimento de novos modelos de avaliação de patogenicidade de isolados de P. multocida e podem ser uma alternativa aos modelos subjetivos até então utilizados. A comparação dos índices de patogenicidade obtidos nos diferentes modelos analisados nos permite afirmar que a variação esperada para os diferentes modelos não pode ser observada. A análise dos diferentes perfis genéticos obtidos para as cepas de origem aviária, a partir da clivagem do gene ompH e da técnica de PCR-RFLP também não revelou diferença estatística entre os perfis obtidos e suas respectivas patogenicidades obtidas no modelo experimental de camundongos.Although it is a bacterium that makes up the respiratory microbiota, under some circumstances it may manifest itself as a primary or secondary pathogen, causing disease in birds and other animals. As a primary agent, P. multocida leads to severe economic losses, causing cholera in birds, atrophic rhinitis in pigs and hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes. P. multocida is a heterogeneous species and the pathogenicity of the isolates can be widely variable. The susceptibility of the host to these strains varies considerably between species. Experimental inoculations in mice and birds are commonly used to evaluate the pathogenicity of different strains, but the results are generally subjective and poorly measurable. The objective of this work was to establish a new methodology to classify the pathogenicity of P. multocida strains by formulating a standard index. To determine this index, 97 samples of P. multocida, isolated from cholera in birds and rhinitis in swine, were selected. One hundred microliters of a bacterial culture containing 103 CFU / mL of each P. multocida isolate were inoculated by the chorioallantoic cavity in 3 embryonated eggs. In addition to infection mortality, time of death and macroscopic lesions were assessed. Significant differences were observed between isolates of birds and pigs in relation to pathogenicity indexes. The number of lesions and the percentage of bacteria recovered from the inoculated embryos also varied according to the origin of the isolate. From the observed indices, the isolates were distributed in three pathogenicity classes: high, medium and low. The evaluation of the different pathogenicity indexes, studied in this work, allows the establishment of new pathogenicity evaluation models of P. multocida isolates and may be an alternative to the subjective models previously used. The comparison of the pathogenicity indices obtained in the different models analyzed allows us to state that the variation expected for the different models can not be observed. The analysis of the different genetic profiles obtained for the strains of avian origin, from the cleavage of the ompH gene and the PCR-RFLP technique also did not reveal statistical difference between the profiles obtained and their respective pathogenicities obtained in the experimental model of mice. Key words: Pasteurella multocida, pathogenicity index, embryonated eggs, mice, chicks

Establishment of a pathogenicity index for mice to Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from poultry and swine

Fowl cholera is a contagious disease that results from infection by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. This microorganism is extensively distributed among animal species, but little is known regarding it’s pathogenesis and specificity to various hosts. Many studies using pathogenicity evaluation methods are subjective and difficult to quantify because they are often only involved in the observation of the lethal capacity of the agent in experimental inoculation. Due to a lack of more consistent data, this study aimed to establish a classification model of P. multocida pathogenicity in mice using strains isolated from poultry and swine. A total of 94 strains of P. multocida isolated from clinical cases of FC and from lungs of swine were tested. A volume of 0.1 mL of bacterial suspension was obtained from the concentration of 106 CFU/mL and inoculated by an intraperitoneal route in five mice. The animals were observed every six hours over seven days. In addition to the mortality observed, the time of death and gross lesions were also analyzed. The Pathogenicity Indexes obtained showed significant differences (p<0.05) according to the origin of the strains. Likewise, the number of gross lesions and isolation percentages were also varied (p<0.05) among strains isolated from poultry and swine. From the observed ratios, the isolates were grouped into three pathogenicity classes: high, medium and low. This study proposed a consistent measurement and classification of P. multocida pathogenicity. The obtained results will be used to generate other adjusted models, as well as to form the basis for disease diagnosis

Avaliação da capacidade de formação de biofilme por cepas de Pasteurella multocida isoladas de casos de cólera aviária e de pulmões de suínos e sua relação com a patogenicidade

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacillus that causes economic losses due to the development of respiratory diseases in several animal species. Among the mechanisms of virulence, the formation of biofilms is an important factor for bacterial survival in hostile environments. Studies of biofilm formation by P. multocida are needed because P. multocida is an important pathogen involved in respiratory infections. However, in contrast to other microorganisms, few studies of biofilm formation have examined P. multocida. Studies comparing the pathogenicity of microbial strains as a function of their biofilm production capacity are also rare. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biofilm formation capacity of 94 P. multocida strains isolated from cases of fowl cholera and from swine lungs on polystyrene plates. The associations of the biofilm formation capacity with the pathogenicity index (PI) in vivo and with the presence of four genes (screened by PCR) of the tad locus (tadB, tadD, tadE and tadG), described as adhesion markers, were also determined. Strains from both animal origins were able to form biofilms. However, most of the specimens (52.13%) were classified as weak producers, and more than 40% of the strains of P. multocida (40.42%) did not produce biofilms There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the degree of biofilm production between the two sources of isolation. Of the analyzed strains, 56.52% contained all four genes (tadB, tadD, tadE and tadG). The PI arithmetic mean of the strains classified as non-biofilm producers was significantly different (p0.05) with the production of biofilms and with the origin of a given strain. Finally, low virulence strains may suggest a higher biofilm formation capacity on polystyrene plates.Pasteurella multocida é um bacilo Gram negativo que ocasiona perdas econômicas, geralmente associadas a doenças respiratórias em diversas espécies animais. Entre os mecanismos de virulência existentes, a formação de biofilmes demonstra ser um importante fator para a proteção e para a sobrevivência bacteriana em ambientes hostis. Estudos relacionados à formação de biofilmes por P. multocida são necessários, uma vez que este é um importante patógeno envolvido em infecções respiratórias. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os estudos desenvolvidos nesta área, quando comparados com aqueles envolvendo outros microrganismos. Também são os raros os estudos que comparam a patogenicidade das cepas com a sua capacidade de produção de biofilme. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de formação de biofilme em placas de poliestireno de 94 cepas de P. multocida isoladas de casos de cólera aviária e de pulmões de suínos, associando-se com o índice de patogenicidade (IP) in vivo e com a presença de quatro genes do locus tad (tadB, tadD, tadE e tadG), descritos como marcadores de adesão e pesquisados através de PCR. As cepas de ambas as origens foram capazes de formar biofilme. Contudo, a maioria dos exemplares (52,12%) foi classificada como fracamente produtora e mais de 40% das cepas de P. multocida (40,42%) não produziram biofilme Não foi observada diferença estatística (p>0,05) quanto ao grau de produção de biofilme entre as duas origens de isolamento. 56,52% das cepas analisadas apresentaram os quatro genes (tadB, tadD, tadE e tadG) concomitantemente. O IP médio das cepas classificadas como não produtoras de biofilme apresentou diferença estatística (p˂0,05) em relação ao IP das cepas moderadamente produtoras. Os exemplares classificados como fracamente produtores de biofilme diferiram significativamente (p˂0,05) do grupo de cepas moderadamente produtoras. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que, apesar de as cepas de P. multocida isoladas de casos de cólera aviária e do pulmão de suínos apresentarem capacidade de formar biofilme em superfícies de poliestireno, a adesão ocorreu geralmente de forma fraca. Os genes tadB, tadD, tadE e tadG, pertencentes ao locus tad, não apresentaram associação significativa com a produção de biofilme e nem com a origem de isolamento da cepa. Por fim, observou-se que as cepas de menor patogenicidade apresentaram uma maior capacidade de formação de biofilme em placas de poliestireno

Identification of the capsule of Pasteurella Multocida isolates from cases of fowl cholera by multiplex PCR and comparison phenotipic methods

The ability of Pasteurella multocida to invade and multiply in its host is enhanced by the presence of the capsule, one of the most important virulence factors for this bacterium. Capsular typing methods are often used in epidemiological and pathogenesis studies of this agent. Five different serogroups have been identified based on serological typing. However, such tests are laborious, and agglutination of homologous antiserum may fail. The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex PCR protocol for the identification of the hyaD-hyaC and dcbF genes specific to serogroups A and D, respectively, and to compare these results with those of phenotypic tests for 54 strains isolated from fowl cholera cases in southern Brazil. The kappa coefficient and chisquare statistics were calculated to assess the agreement between the diagnostic methods and to determine the significance of the results, respectively. The multiplex PCR was able to detect the evaluated genes. Forty-nine strains (90.74%) were classified into serogroup A, and only two isolates (3.7%) were not identified as belonging to any of the serogroups analyzed. In contrast, with the phenotypic tests, only 41 strains (75.93%) were classified into serogroup A and 11 samples (20.37%) were unidentifiable. Of the strains analyzed, 70.37% were classified into the same serogroup (A) by both methods, and the kappa coefficient (k = 0.017) indicated poor agreement between the tests. Thus, multiplex PCR is an alternative for P. multocida capsular typing, as it allows the simultaneous and rapid detection of genes and also provides a greater strain-typing capacity

Establishment of a pathogenicity index for mice to Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from poultry and swine

Fowl cholera is a contagious disease that results from infection by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. This microorganism is extensively distributed among animal species, but little is known regarding it’s pathogenesis and specificity to various hosts. Many studies using pathogenicity evaluation methods are subjective and difficult to quantify because they are often only involved in the observation of the lethal capacity of the agent in experimental inoculation. Due to a lack of more consistent data, this study aimed to establish a classification model of P. multocida pathogenicity in mice using strains isolated from poultry and swine. A total of 94 strains of P. multocida isolated from clinical cases of FC and from lungs of swine were tested. A volume of 0.1 mL of bacterial suspension was obtained from the concentration of 106 CFU/mL and inoculated by an intraperitoneal route in five mice. The animals were observed every six hours over seven days. In addition to the mortality observed, the time of death and gross lesions were also analyzed. The Pathogenicity Indexes obtained showed significant differences (p<0.05) according to the origin of the strains. Likewise, the number of gross lesions and isolation percentages were also varied (p<0.05) among strains isolated from poultry and swine. From the observed ratios, the isolates were grouped into three pathogenicity classes: high, medium and low. This study proposed a consistent measurement and classification of P. multocida pathogenicity. The obtained results will be used to generate other adjusted models, as well as to form the basis for disease diagnosis

Hoja quincenal de precipitación: Quincena 1ª - Junio 1966

Although Pasteurella multocida is a member of the respiratory microbiota, under some circumstances, it is a primary agent of diseases , such as fowl cholera (FC), that cause significant economic losses. Experimental inoculations can be employed to evaluate the pathogenicity of strains, but the results are usually subjective and knowledge on the pathogenesis of this agent is still limited. The objective of this study was to establish a new methodology for classifying the pathogenicity of P. multocida by formulating a standard index. Strains isolated from FC cases and from swine with respiratory problems were selected. One hundred mL of a bacterial culture of each strain, containing 106 CFU, was inoculated in 10 one-day-old broilers. Mortality after inoculation, time of death (TD), and the presence of six macroscopic lesions were evaluated over a period of seven days post-inoculation (dpi). A Pathogenicity Index Per Bird (IPI), ranging 0 to 10, was calculated. Liver and heart fragments were collected to reisolate the bacteria. Blood was collected from the surviving birds, and an ELISA test was carried out to detect specific antibodies. The median of the pathogenicity indices, the number of lesions and the rate of bacteria reisolation were significantly different (p<0.05) among the origins of the isolates (p<0.05). The pathogenicity index developed in this study allows the classification of Pasteurella multocida pathogenicity and may be an alternative to the pathogenicity models currently used for screening

Estabelecimento de um índice de patogenicidade em cepas de salmonella enteritidis e salmonella typhimurium inoculadas em pintos de um dia de idade

Although Pasteurella multocida is a member of the respiratory microbiota, under some circumstances, it is a primary agent of diseases , such as fowl cholera (FC), that cause significant economic losses. Experimental inoculations can be employed to evaluate the pathogenicity of strains, but the results are usually subjective and knowledge on the pathogenesis of this agent is still limited. The objective of this study was to establish a new methodology for classifying the pathogenicity of P. multocida by formulating a standard index. Strains isolated from FC cases and from swine with respiratory problems were selected. One hundred mL of a bacterial culture of each strain, containing 106 CFU, was inoculated in 10 one-day-old broilers. Mortality after inoculation, time of death (TD), and the presence of six macroscopic lesions were evaluated over a period of seven days post-inoculation (dpi). A Pathogenicity Index Per Bird (IPI), ranging 0 to 10, was calculated. Liver and heart fragments were collected to reisolate the bacteria. Blood was collected from the surviving birds, and an ELISA test was carried out to detect specific antibodies. The median of the pathogenicity indices, the number of lesions and the rate of bacteria reisolation were significantly different (p<0.05) among the origins of the isolates (p<0.05). The pathogenicity index developed in this study allows the classification of Pasteurella multocida pathogenicity and may be an alternative to the pathogenicity models currently used for screening