Poszukiwanie prawdy w procesie cywilnym

Fundamentally, it is expected that dispensation of justice guarantees a fair judgement. However, both terms -‘justice’ and ‘truth ’, which are closely related to each other, are ambiguous. What is more, their common meaning strays from the legal one. At the same time, the adoption of the proper concept of truth (procedural or objective) by a legislator leads to the significant consequences in practice which have an impact on drawing conclusions and on settling a civil law dispute. This paper attempts to determine the concept of the principle of the adopted truth in the Polish civil procedure. The author analyses the development of the Code of Civil Procedure and assesses the amendments. The matter of the principle of truth in force is still a moot point among lawyers since the amendment of the Code of Civil Procedure was introduced on March 1, 1996. It was a turning point in reference to the previous accepted concept of the objective truth . Next changes, especially the latest ones, confirm the thesis about applying de lege lata the principle of the objective truth . That conclusion is the central thought of this short essay. The goal of the paper is to discuss the practical and theoretical aspects of the principle of the truth which can be recognized as the most justifiable. The author of the article tries to present advantages and disadvantages of both concepts of truth and also formulate the postulates de lege ferenda. They should provide the grounds for a detailed discussion among legal experts, and particularly among the theorists of law

Liquidation of a private limited company in an organization

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publicationThe new institution of partnership law is a private limited company (Plt) in an organization, which has a different (standalone) legal subjectivity. The creation of this institution necessitates a regulation of the moment of its liquidation. The regulation of dissolution, broadly defined in the commercial companies code, is flawed and needs a revision of the legislator. The present article attempts to show the imperfection of the law regulating liquidation of a Plt in an organization

Studies of Streptococcus anginosus Virulence in Dictyostelium discoideum and Galleria mellonella Models

For many years, Streptococcus anginosus has been considered a commensal colonizing the oral cavity, as well as the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. However, recent epidemiological and clinical data designate this bacterium as an emerging opportunistic pathogen. Despite the reported pathogenicity of S. anginosus, the molecular mechanism underpinning its virulence is poorly described. Therefore, our goal was to develop and optimize efficient and simple infection models that can be applied to examine the virulence of S. anginosus and to study host-pathogen interactions. Using 23 S. anginosus isolates collected from different infections, including severe and superficial infections, as well as an attenuated strain devoid of CppA, we demonstrate for the first time that Dictyostelium discoideum is a suitable model for initial, fast, and large-scale screening of virulence. Furthermore, we found that another nonvertebrate animal model, Galleria mellonella, can be used to study the pathogenesis of S. anginosus infection, with an emphasis on the interactions between the pathogen and host innate immunity. Examining the profile of immune defense genes, including antimicrobial peptides, opsonins, regulators of nodulation, and inhibitors of proteases, by quantitative PCR (qPCR) we identified different immune response profiles depending on the S. anginosus strain. Using these models, we show that S. anginosus is resistant to the bactericidal activity of phagocytes, a phenomenon confirmed using human neutrophils. Notably, since we found that the data from these models corresponded to the clinical severity of infection, we propose their further application to studies of the virulence of S. anginosus

Looking for the truth in a legal civil proceeding

Fundamentally, it is expected that dispensation of justice guarantees a fair judgement. However, both terms -‘justice’ and ‘truth’, which are closely related to each other, are ambiguous. What is more, their common meaning strays from the legal one. At the same time, the adoption of the proper concept of truth (procedural or objective) by a legislator leads to the significant consequences in practice which have an impact on drawing conclusions and on settling a civil law dispute. This paper attempts to determine the concept of the principle of the adopted truth in the Polish civil procedure. The author analyses the development of the Code of Civil Procedure and assesses the amendments. The matter of the principle of truth in force is still a moot point among lawyers since the amendment of the Code of Civil Procedure was introduced on March 1, 1996. It was a turning point in reference to the previous accepted concept of the objective truth. Next changes, especially the latest ones, confirm the thesis about applying de lege lata the principle of the objective truth. That conclusion is the central thought of this short essay. The goal of the paper is to discuss the practical and theoretical aspects of the principle of the truth which can be recognized as the most justifiable. The author of the article tries to present advantages and disadvantages of both concepts of truth and also formulate the postulates de lege ferenda. They should provide the grounds for a detailed discussion among legal experts, and particularly among the theorists of law

The Effect of Risk Factors on the Levels of Chemical Elements in the Tibial Plateau of Patients with Osteoarthritis following Knee Surgery

The aim of this study was to evaluate the aforementioned chemical elements in tibial plateau samples obtained during knee arthroplasty. The gender-specific analysis of chemical element levels in the bone samples revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the concentration of Pb and Se/Pb ratio. The contents of elements in the tibial plateau in the patients with osteoarthritis (OA) can be arranged in the following descending order: F− > K > Zn > Fe > Sr > Pb > Mn > Se > Cd > THg. We observed statistical significant effects of environmental factors including smoking, seafood diet, and geographical distribution on the levels of the elements in tibial bone. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found for the relationships K-Cd, Zn-Sr, Zn-F−, THg-Pb, Pb-Cd, Se-Se/Pb, Se-Se/Cd, Se/Pb-Se/Cd, Pb-Cd/Ca, Cd-Cd/Ca, and F−-F−/Ca·1000. Significant negative correlations were found for the relationships THg-Se/Pb, Pb-Se/Pb, Cd-Se/Pb, K-Se/Cd, Pb-Se/Cd, Cd-Se/Cd, THg-Se/THg, Pb-Se/THg, Se-Pb/Cd, Zn-Cd/Ca, and Se/Cd-Cd/Ca. The results reported here may provide a basis for establishing reference values for the tibial plateau in patients with OA who had undergone knee replacement surgery. The concentrations of elements in the bone with OA were determined by age, presence of implants, smoking, fish and seafood diet, and sport activity

Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of 1283 Pediatric Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 during the First and Second Waves of the Pandemic—Results of the Pediatric Part of a Multicenter Polish Register SARSTer

This prospective multicenter cohort study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children. The study, based on the pediatric part of the Polish SARSTer register, included 1283 children (0 to 18 years) who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between 1 March 2020 and 31 December 2020. Household contact was reported in 56% of cases, more frequently in younger children. Fever was the most common symptom (46%). The youngest children (0–5 years) more frequently presented with fever, rhinitis and diarrhea. Teenagers more often complained of headache, sore throat, anosmia/ageusia and weakness. One fifth of patients were reported to be asymptomatic. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 12% of patients, more frequently in younger children. During the second wave patients were younger than during the first wave (median age 53 vs. 102 months, p < 0.0001) and required longer hospitalization (p < 0.0001). Significantly fewer asymptomatic patients were noted and pneumonia as well as gastrointestinal symptoms were more common. The epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients and the clinical presentation of COVID-19 are age-related. Younger children were more frequently infected by close relatives, more often suffered from pneumonia and gastrointestinal symptoms and required hospitalization. Clinical courses differed significantly during the first two waves of the pandemic

Clinical Course and Severity of COVID-19 in 940 Infants with and without Comorbidities Hospitalized in 2020 and 2021: The Results of the National Multicenter Database SARSTer-PED

This study aimed to analyze the differences in severity and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in infants hospitalized in Poland in 2021, when the dominance of variants of concern (VOCs) alpha and delta was reported, compared to 2020, when original (wild) SARS-CoV-2 was dominant (III–IV vs. I–II waves of the pandemic, respectively). In addition, the influence of the presence of comorbidities on the clinical course of COVID-19 in infants was studied. This multicenter study, based on the pediatric part of the national SARSTer database (SARSTer-PED), included 940 infants with COVID-19 diagnosed between March 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, from 13 Polish inpatient centers. An electronic questionnaire, which addressed epidemiological and clinical data, was used. The number of hospitalized infants was significantly higher in 2021 than in 2020 (651 vs. 289, respectively). The analysis showed similar lengths of infant hospitalization in 2020 and 2021, but significantly more children were hospitalized for more than 7 days in 2020 (p p < 0.0001). Severe and critical conditions were significantly more common among children with comorbidities. More infants were hospitalized during the period of VOCs dominance, especially the delta variant, compared to the period of wild strain dominance, even though indications for hospitalization did not include asymptomatic patients during that period. The course of COVID-19 was mostly mild, characterized mainly by fever and respiratory symptoms. Comorbidities, particularly from the cardiovascular system and prematurity, were associated with a more severe course of the disease in infants