The topology of plasminogen binding and activation on the surface of human breast cancer cells

The urokinase-dependent activation of plasminogen by breast cancer cells plays an important role in metastasis. We have previously shown that the metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 over-expresses urokinase and binds and efficiently activates plasminogen at the cell surface compared to non-metastatic cells. The aim of this study was to further characterise plasminogen binding and determine the topology of cell surface-bound plasminogen in terms of its potential for activation. The lysine-dependent binding of plasminogen at 4°C to MDA-MB-231 cells was stable and resulted in an activation-susceptible conformation of plasminogen. Topologically, a fraction of bound plasminogen was co-localised with urokinase on the surfaces of MDA-MB-231 cells where it could be activated to plasmin. At 37°C plasmin was rapidly lost from the cell surface. Apart from actin, other candidate plasminogen receptors were either not expressed or did not co-localise with plasminogen at the cell surface. Thus, based on co-localisation with urokinase, plasminogen binding is partitioned into two functional pools on the surface of MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, these results shed further light on the functional organisation of the plasminogen activation cascade on the surface of a metastatic cancer cell. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaignhttp://www.bjcancer.co

Ab-o'th-yate at the Isle of Man

Literatura dialectal. -- Lancashire. -- Pertenece a la colección 1800-1950 del Salamanca Corpus. -- Prosa. -- Benjamin Brierley. -- Ab-o'th-yate at the Isle of Man. -- 1869. -- Primera edición.[EN] Fiction letters written in the Lancashire dialect. [ES] Cartas escritas en el dialecto de Lancashire

Air Movement, Ventilation, and Comfort in a Partitioned Office Space

Results are presented from a research project to investigate the effects of office partition design on air movement, worker comfort, and ventilation in workstations. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the comfort and ventilation conditions produced by a conventional ceiling supply-and-return air distribution system in workstations separated by (1) solid partitions of different height (75 in. [1.9 m], 65 in. [1.65 m], 42 in. [1.1 m], and 0 in. [partitions removed]) and (2) partitions containing a gap positioned at the bottom of the partition. The project consisted primarily of experiments performed in a full-scale controlled environment chamber (CEC) which a typical modular office environment was set up. The range of partition configurations and environmental parameters investigated included (1) partition height, (2) solid vs. airflow partitions, (3) airflow gap size, (4) supply air volume, (5) supply~room temperature difference, (6) supply diffuser location, (7) heat loud density, (8) workstation size, and (9) cooling vs. heating mode. Under steady-state conditions, multipoint measurements were made of air velocities, air temperatures, and radiant (globe) temperatures to characterize the key environmental variables affecting thermal comfort, and tracer gas methods using multipoint sampling locations were employed to determine the ventilation performance within the test chamber.The results indicated that variations in solid partition height produce only small differences in overall thermal and ventilation performance. Results also showed that while the existence of an airflow opening at the bottom of office partitions can, in some cases, produce slight increases in air velocities near the floor, there are no significant improvements in comfort conditions or ventilation efficiency within the workstations compared to results obtained for solid partitions. Test parameters that were found to have a more substantial impact on air movement and comfort included heat load density and distribution, supply air temperature, and supply diffuser location

Air Movement, Ventilation, and Comfort in a Partitioned Office Space

Results are presented from a research project to investigate the effects of office partition design on air movement, worker comfort, and ventilation in workstations. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the comfort and ventilation conditions produced by a conventional ceiling supply-and-return air distribution system in workstations separated by (1) solid partitions of different height (75 in. [1.9 m], 65 in. [1.65 m], 42 in. [1.1 m], and 0 in. [partitions removed]) and (2) partitions containing a gap positioned at the bottom of the partition. The project consisted primarily of experiments performed in a full-scale controlled environment chamber (CEC) which a typical modular office environment was set up. The range of partition configurations and environmental parameters investigated included (1) partition height, (2) solid vs. airflow partitions, (3) airflow gap size, (4) supply air volume, (5) supply~room temperature difference, (6) supply diffuser location, (7) heat loud density, (8) workstation size, and (9) cooling vs. heating mode. Under steady-state conditions, multipoint measurements were made of air velocities, air temperatures, and radiant (globe) temperatures to characterize the key environmental variables affecting thermal comfort, and tracer gas methods using multipoint sampling locations were employed to determine the ventilation performance within the test chamber.The results indicated that variations in solid partition height produce only small differences in overall thermal and ventilation performance. Results also showed that while the existence of an airflow opening at the bottom of office partitions can, in some cases, produce slight increases in air velocities near the floor, there are no significant improvements in comfort conditions or ventilation efficiency within the workstations compared to results obtained for solid partitions. Test parameters that were found to have a more substantial impact on air movement and comfort included heat load density and distribution, supply air temperature, and supply diffuser location