38 research outputs found

    In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a gentamicin-loaded bioresorbable polymer in the experimental treatment of osteoarticular infections

    No full text
    Le traitement d'une infection ostĂ©o-articulaire nĂ©cessite une prise en charge longue, obligeant Ă  des chirurgies itĂ©ratives et Ă  un traitement antibiotique systĂ©mique prolongĂ©. À ce jour, le polymĂ©thacrylate de mĂ©thyle est le vecteur d’antibiotique local le plus frĂ©quemment utilisĂ© chez l’homme pour traiter une infection ostĂ©o-articulaire. Cependant les PMMA sont non rĂ©sorbables et obligent Ă  multiplier les interventions chirurgicales afin d’aboutir au traitement dĂ©finitif de l’infection ostĂ©o-articulaire. Le PMMA ne permet pas une libĂ©ration complĂšte de l’antibiotique avec de surcroĂźt des doses infĂ©rieures Ă  la CMI du germe en cause, pouvant faciliter l’émergence de bactĂ©ries rĂ©sistantes. L'objectif de notre travail Ă©tait d’obtenir une libĂ©ration locale efficace et prolongĂ©e d’antibiotique grĂące Ă  un polymĂšre entiĂšrement rĂ©sorbable. Le cahier des charges Ă©tabli pour l’élaboration de ce polymĂšre Ă©tait le suivant : systĂšme matriciel offrant une libĂ©ration de gentamicine Ă  une dose de 1 Ă  2 mg/jour/g de mĂ©lange sur une pĂ©riode de plus de 10 jours. De plus, le polymĂšre devait ĂȘtre bio-rĂ©sorbable, c’est-Ă -dire qu’il devait pouvoir ĂȘtre dĂ©gradĂ© jusqu'Ă  obtenir des fragments pouvant ĂȘtre Ă©liminĂ©s naturellement par l'organisme. Afin de rĂ©pondre Ă  ces exigences, il a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă© le PLA50P, Poly(D,L-acide lactique) de haut poids molĂ©culaire. Afin d’obtenir le mĂ©lange gentamycine-PLA, une technique de compression des poudres des deux composants a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre. Ce polymĂšre pouvait ĂȘtre stĂ©rilisĂ© par -irradiation, sans influence sur les caractĂ©ristiques de relargage du polymĂšre.La cinĂ©tique in vitro de la gentamicine relarguĂ©e par le PLA50GS montrait un pic maximum de gentamicine libĂ©rĂ©e obtenu Ă  12 jours et une stabilisation ensuite jusqu’à 63 jours de la quantitĂ© relarguĂ©e. La quantitĂ© cumulĂ©e de gentamicine relarguĂ©e Ă  3 semaines in vitro est de 54 % de la quantitĂ© contenue initialement dans PLA50GS. In vivo, nous observions une libĂ©ration in situ de 5,1 ”g/mL de gentamicine Ă  J3, de 1,9 ”g/mL de gentamicine Ă  J7 et de 0 ”g/mL Ă  5 semaines avec disparition de PLA50GS Ă  l’examen macroscopique. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en Ă©vidence, in vitro et in vivo, un relargage de la gentamicine Ă  des doses supĂ©rieures Ă  la CMI du germe et ce pendant plus de trois semaines.Afin de confirmer ces observations, nous avons ensuite mis au point un modĂšle d’infection pĂ©riostĂ©e chez le rat. Pour ce faire nous avons utilisĂ© des rats ĂągĂ©s de 10 Ă  12 semaines avec une injection au contact de l’os et au 1/3 moyen de la patte arriĂšre de deux fois 100 ml de SAMS d’origine animale. L’utilisation du PLA50GS a montrĂ© sa supĂ©rioritĂ© par rapport Ă  une administration parentĂ©rale d’une dose Ă©quivalente de Gentamicine avec une nĂ©gativation du contage bactĂ©riologique chez tous les rats traitĂ©s par le polymĂšre chargĂ© Ă  la Gentamicine. Nous avons ensuite voulu traiter une infection articulaire grĂące Ă  notre polymĂšre. Nous avons donc crĂ©Ă© un modĂšle animal utilisant un lapin femelle de 4 kg avec une injection de 1 ml d’une solution Ă  103 CFU/ml de staphylococcus mĂ©thi-sensible d’origine lĂ©poridĂ©e. Le PLA50GS nous a permis de rĂ©duire trĂšs significativement la charge bactĂ©rienne intra-articulaire (baisse de 3 Ă  4 log10 soit 1000 Ă  10000 fois moins de bactĂ©ries) alors que le traitement antibiotique par voie gĂ©nĂ©rale dit de rĂ©fĂ©rence ne nous a pas permis de rĂ©duire l’infection intra-articulaire de façon significative par rapport au groupe non traitĂ©. Le PLA50GS nous a ainsi permis de rĂ©duire l’infection de 3 log10 par rapport aux autres groupes avec 2 lapins sur 6 guĂ©ris de leur infection.Le PLA50GS prĂ©sente, ainsi, les caractĂ©ristiques suivantes : (i) stabilitĂ© de la Gentamicine au sein du polymĂšre, (ii) polymĂšre sous forme de poudre stable, (iii) relargage prolongĂ© de la Gentamicine pendant plusieurs semaines, (iv) effet « burst » prĂ©sent mais limitĂ©, (v) trĂšs bonne biotolĂ©rance, et (vi) efficacitĂ© supĂ©rieure aux traitements antimicrobiens classiques.The treatment of soft-tissue infections, osteomyelitis, and acute or chronic septic arthritis is a lengthy process that involves repeated surgical procedures and the systemic administration of antibiotics for at least 6 weeks to 3 months. Poor diffusion of antibiotics into bones and joints requires high doses given parenterally for long periods. At present, the antibiotic vector most widely used in humans with bone or joint infections is polymethylmethacrylate. Because PMMA is not bioabsorbable, multiple surgical procedures are required to eradicate infection. Furthermore, PMMA does not release its full antibiotic load over time and may yield local antibiotic concentrations lower than the minimal inhibitory concentration of the causative organism, thereby promoting the emergence of resistant strains. The objective of our work was to develop a fully bioabsorbable polymer capable of ensuring the prolonged and efficient release of its antibiotic load, thus improving the management of bone and joint infections. The specifications for the polymer included the release by the matrix system of 1-2 mg of gentamicin per day and per gram of mixture over more than 10 days. Other specifications were appropriate physical characteristics, a drug release rate sufficient to ensure optimal treatment safety, and ease of implantation. The polymer was also to be bioabsorbable, i.e., subject to degradation into fragments capable of being eliminated naturally by the body. High-molecular weight PLA50P, Poly(D,L-lactic acid) was created and found to meet these specifications. Use of this polymer as large particles (0.5 to 1 mm) limited the initial burst phenomenon. A gentamicin-PLA50P mixture was obtained by compression of the two components prepared in powder form. The antibiotic load was set at 20% to limit the initial burst. The polymer can be sterilized by gamma irradiation, which has no effect on drug release characteristics.In vitro kinetic studies of gentamicin release by the polymer showed a peak on day 12 followed by a plateau that lasted until day 63. After 3 weeks, the cumulative amount of gentamicin released in vitro was 54% of the total amount loaded onto the polymer. In vivo gentamicin concentrations measured in situ were 5.1 ”g/mL on day 3, 1.9 ”g/mL on day 7, and 0 ”g/mL on day 35, when the polymer was no longer visible to the naked eye. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro, gentamicin was released in concentrations greater than the MIC of the microorganism, for longer than 3 weeks.To test the gentamicin-loaded polymer, we created a rat model of periosteal infection. Rats aged 10-12 weeks received two 100 mL injections of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus collected from animals, into the middle third of the hind leg, in contact with the bone. Treatment with gentamicin-loaded PLA50P proved superior over parenteral administration of an equivalent gentamicin dose, consistently reverting the bacteriological cultures to negative. We then created a rabbit model of septic arthritis. A doe weighing 4 kg received an add intraarticular injection of 1 mL of a solution containing 103 cfu/mL of a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strain collected from another rabbit. Gentamicin-loaded PLA50P treatment induced a highly significant drop in the intraarticular bacterial load (by 3-4 log10), whereas standard systemic gentamicin therapy failed to significantly diminish bacterial counts comparatively to the untreated controls. Thus, gentamicin-loaded PLA50P diminished the bacterial load by 3 log10 comparatively to the other groups and allowed eradication of the infection in 2 of the 6 rabbits.In sum, gentamicin-loaded PLA50P (i) ensures the stability of the antibiotic; (ii) is available as a stable powder; (iii) ensures the prolonged release of gentamicin over several weeks; (iv) produces a limited burst effect; (v) exhibits very good biotolerance; (vi) and is more effective than standard antimicrobial therapy

    Evaluation in vitro et in vivo d’un polymĂšre biorĂ©sorbable Ă  la Gentamycine dans le traitement expĂ©rimental d’infections ostĂ©o-articulaires

    No full text
    The treatment of soft-tissue infections, osteomyelitis, and acute or chronic septic arthritis is a lengthy process that involves repeated surgical procedures and the systemic administration of antibiotics for at least 6 weeks to 3 months. Poor diffusion of antibiotics into bones and joints requires high doses given parenterally for long periods. At present, the antibiotic vector most widely used in humans with bone or joint infections is polymethylmethacrylate. Because PMMA is not bioabsorbable, multiple surgical procedures are required to eradicate infection. Furthermore, PMMA does not release its full antibiotic load over time and may yield local antibiotic concentrations lower than the minimal inhibitory concentration of the causative organism, thereby promoting the emergence of resistant strains. The objective of our work was to develop a fully bioabsorbable polymer capable of ensuring the prolonged and efficient release of its antibiotic load, thus improving the management of bone and joint infections. The specifications for the polymer included the release by the matrix system of 1-2 mg of gentamicin per day and per gram of mixture over more than 10 days. Other specifications were appropriate physical characteristics, a drug release rate sufficient to ensure optimal treatment safety, and ease of implantation. The polymer was also to be bioabsorbable, i.e., subject to degradation into fragments capable of being eliminated naturally by the body. High-molecular weight PLA50P, Poly(D,L-lactic acid) was created and found to meet these specifications. Use of this polymer as large particles (0.5 to 1 mm) limited the initial burst phenomenon. A gentamicin-PLA50P mixture was obtained by compression of the two components prepared in powder form. The antibiotic load was set at 20% to limit the initial burst. The polymer can be sterilized by gamma irradiation, which has no effect on drug release characteristics.In vitro kinetic studies of gentamicin release by the polymer showed a peak on day 12 followed by a plateau that lasted until day 63. After 3 weeks, the cumulative amount of gentamicin released in vitro was 54% of the total amount loaded onto the polymer. In vivo gentamicin concentrations measured in situ were 5.1 ”g/mL on day 3, 1.9 ”g/mL on day 7, and 0 ”g/mL on day 35, when the polymer was no longer visible to the naked eye. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro, gentamicin was released in concentrations greater than the MIC of the microorganism, for longer than 3 weeks.To test the gentamicin-loaded polymer, we created a rat model of periosteal infection. Rats aged 10-12 weeks received two 100 mL injections of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus collected from animals, into the middle third of the hind leg, in contact with the bone. Treatment with gentamicin-loaded PLA50P proved superior over parenteral administration of an equivalent gentamicin dose, consistently reverting the bacteriological cultures to negative. We then created a rabbit model of septic arthritis. A doe weighing 4 kg received an add intraarticular injection of 1 mL of a solution containing 103 cfu/mL of a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strain collected from another rabbit. Gentamicin-loaded PLA50P treatment induced a highly significant drop in the intraarticular bacterial load (by 3-4 log10), whereas standard systemic gentamicin therapy failed to significantly diminish bacterial counts comparatively to the untreated controls. Thus, gentamicin-loaded PLA50P diminished the bacterial load by 3 log10 comparatively to the other groups and allowed eradication of the infection in 2 of the 6 rabbits.In sum, gentamicin-loaded PLA50P (i) ensures the stability of the antibiotic; (ii) is available as a stable powder; (iii) ensures the prolonged release of gentamicin over several weeks; (iv) produces a limited burst effect; (v) exhibits very good biotolerance; (vi) and is more effective than standard antimicrobial therapy.Le traitement d'une infection ostĂ©o-articulaire nĂ©cessite une prise en charge longue, obligeant Ă  des chirurgies itĂ©ratives et Ă  un traitement antibiotique systĂ©mique prolongĂ©. À ce jour, le polymĂ©thacrylate de mĂ©thyle est le vecteur d’antibiotique local le plus frĂ©quemment utilisĂ© chez l’homme pour traiter une infection ostĂ©o-articulaire. Cependant les PMMA sont non rĂ©sorbables et obligent Ă  multiplier les interventions chirurgicales afin d’aboutir au traitement dĂ©finitif de l’infection ostĂ©o-articulaire. Le PMMA ne permet pas une libĂ©ration complĂšte de l’antibiotique avec de surcroĂźt des doses infĂ©rieures Ă  la CMI du germe en cause, pouvant faciliter l’émergence de bactĂ©ries rĂ©sistantes. L'objectif de notre travail Ă©tait d’obtenir une libĂ©ration locale efficace et prolongĂ©e d’antibiotique grĂące Ă  un polymĂšre entiĂšrement rĂ©sorbable. Le cahier des charges Ă©tabli pour l’élaboration de ce polymĂšre Ă©tait le suivant : systĂšme matriciel offrant une libĂ©ration de gentamicine Ă  une dose de 1 Ă  2 mg/jour/g de mĂ©lange sur une pĂ©riode de plus de 10 jours. De plus, le polymĂšre devait ĂȘtre bio-rĂ©sorbable, c’est-Ă -dire qu’il devait pouvoir ĂȘtre dĂ©gradĂ© jusqu'Ă  obtenir des fragments pouvant ĂȘtre Ă©liminĂ©s naturellement par l'organisme. Afin de rĂ©pondre Ă  ces exigences, il a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă© le PLA50P, Poly(D,L-acide lactique) de haut poids molĂ©culaire. Afin d’obtenir le mĂ©lange gentamycine-PLA, une technique de compression des poudres des deux composants a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre. Ce polymĂšre pouvait ĂȘtre stĂ©rilisĂ© par -irradiation, sans influence sur les caractĂ©ristiques de relargage du polymĂšre.La cinĂ©tique in vitro de la gentamicine relarguĂ©e par le PLA50GS montrait un pic maximum de gentamicine libĂ©rĂ©e obtenu Ă  12 jours et une stabilisation ensuite jusqu’à 63 jours de la quantitĂ© relarguĂ©e. La quantitĂ© cumulĂ©e de gentamicine relarguĂ©e Ă  3 semaines in vitro est de 54 % de la quantitĂ© contenue initialement dans PLA50GS. In vivo, nous observions une libĂ©ration in situ de 5,1 ”g/mL de gentamicine Ă  J3, de 1,9 ”g/mL de gentamicine Ă  J7 et de 0 ”g/mL Ă  5 semaines avec disparition de PLA50GS Ă  l’examen macroscopique. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en Ă©vidence, in vitro et in vivo, un relargage de la gentamicine Ă  des doses supĂ©rieures Ă  la CMI du germe et ce pendant plus de trois semaines.Afin de confirmer ces observations, nous avons ensuite mis au point un modĂšle d’infection pĂ©riostĂ©e chez le rat. Pour ce faire nous avons utilisĂ© des rats ĂągĂ©s de 10 Ă  12 semaines avec une injection au contact de l’os et au 1/3 moyen de la patte arriĂšre de deux fois 100 ml de SAMS d’origine animale. L’utilisation du PLA50GS a montrĂ© sa supĂ©rioritĂ© par rapport Ă  une administration parentĂ©rale d’une dose Ă©quivalente de Gentamicine avec une nĂ©gativation du contage bactĂ©riologique chez tous les rats traitĂ©s par le polymĂšre chargĂ© Ă  la Gentamicine. Nous avons ensuite voulu traiter une infection articulaire grĂące Ă  notre polymĂšre. Nous avons donc crĂ©Ă© un modĂšle animal utilisant un lapin femelle de 4 kg avec une injection de 1 ml d’une solution Ă  103 CFU/ml de staphylococcus mĂ©thi-sensible d’origine lĂ©poridĂ©e. Le PLA50GS nous a permis de rĂ©duire trĂšs significativement la charge bactĂ©rienne intra-articulaire (baisse de 3 Ă  4 log10 soit 1000 Ă  10000 fois moins de bactĂ©ries) alors que le traitement antibiotique par voie gĂ©nĂ©rale dit de rĂ©fĂ©rence ne nous a pas permis de rĂ©duire l’infection intra-articulaire de façon significative par rapport au groupe non traitĂ©. Le PLA50GS nous a ainsi permis de rĂ©duire l’infection de 3 log10 par rapport aux autres groupes avec 2 lapins sur 6 guĂ©ris de leur infection.Le PLA50GS prĂ©sente, ainsi, les caractĂ©ristiques suivantes : (i) stabilitĂ© de la Gentamicine au sein du polymĂšre, (ii) polymĂšre sous forme de poudre stable, (iii) relargage prolongĂ© de la Gentamicine pendant plusieurs semaines, (iv) effet « burst » prĂ©sent mais limitĂ©, (v) trĂšs bonne biotolĂ©rance, et (vi) efficacitĂ© supĂ©rieure aux traitements antimicrobiens classiques

    The anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee: an anatomic and MR study.

    No full text
    ERMAInternational audienceBACKGROUND: The purposes of this study were to identify the presence of the anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee (AIL), to study its attachment patterns and relationships to other anatomic structures within the knee and to evaluate the potential association of its rupture with other pathology of the knee. METHODS: Ten human cadaver knees were dissected excluding knees with surgical scars. Fifty-one MR examinations were performed in symptomatic patients. Arthroscopic observations were carried out on ten patients. RESULTS: AIL was found in nine dissected knees with type I insertion in six cases, type II insertion in three cases. The average length was 31.2 mm (25-45 mm). The average distance between AIL and insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament was 12 mm (11-15 mm). Concerning MR study, AIL was found in 34 cases (82.9%). Four (9.75%) ruptures of the AIL were encountered. Where AIL was intact, 14 patients presented meniscal lesions (46.6%). Where AIL was ruptured, three patients presented meniscal lesions (75%). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates through anatomical and MR studies that AIL is present in more than 80% of the cases with predominant type I insertion. The association of meniscal and AIL lesions was highlighted demonstrating that AIL is not only an anatomical point of interest but also a clinical and surgical reality

    Bipolar transfer of the pectoralis major muscle for restoration of elbow

    No full text
    International audienceBACKGROUND:This study evaluated the functional outcomes of bipolar pedicled pectoralis major (PM) transfer to restore elbow flexion.METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed 29 transfers in 28 patients with a mean age of 31.2 years (range, 5-65 years). The loss of elbow flexion was due to brachial plexus palsy in 24 patients, elbow flexors necrosis in 4, and poliomyelitis in 1. The entire PM muscle was mobilized and fixed proximally to the coracoid process. Intraoperative positioning and postoperative immobilization of the shoulder and the elbow flexed at 60° and 120°, respectively, allowed direct distal fixation of the muscle to the biceps brachii tendon.RESULTS:At the last follow-up (mean, 13 months; range, 4-37 months), 41% of the transfers (n = 12) recovered grade 4 elbow flexion strength and were able to lift 2.2 kg on average (range, 0.5-5 kg), 52% (n = 15) recovered grade 3 strength, and 7% (n = 2) had a poor result (ie, grade 2 elbow flexion). The mean active elbow flexion was 100° (ranging, 30°-150°), and the patients had 0° to 10° elbow flexion contracture.CONCLUSIONS:Our results indicate that bipolar PM transfer is a reliable and effective procedure to restore elbow flexion. Flexion of the shoulder and elbow allowed the transfer to reach the elbow fold and avoided an interposition graft between the distal PM and the biceps brachii tendon
    corecore