Évolution des consommations d’alcool après 1 an de pandémie de COVID-19 en France : à partir d’une étude transversale en population générale

Background : there is conflicting evidence on how COVID-19 pandemic changed alcohol consumption. While some studies have suggested that alcohol consumption decreased at the beginning of the pandemic, there was limited data for a longer period. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in alcohol consumption 1 year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, and to identify vulnerable subgroups in the French adult population. Methods: This was a single-center, cross-sectional, descriptive study. Self-reported changes in alcohol consumption were collected from 2491 respondents in a survey carried out in western Brittany from 18 January to 9 March 2021. Results : respondents for 27.64% reported that they had increased their alcohol consumption, 14.7% had decreased, 3.94% had ceased, and 53.72% reported no change in their alcohol consumption. Increased alcohol use was associated with male gender, age 26 to 44 years, living with a family, not being a Brest hospital professional, having had a physical or psychological health problem during lockdowns, smoking tobacco, using cannabis. Reduced alcohol use or cessation were associated with male gender, age 18 to 25 years, living in Brest, living alone, using cannabis. Conclusions: Our study suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of people increased their alcohol consumption in France, even outside lockdowns. These results should encourage health professionals and public authorities to implement more specific prevention measures to limit the risks associated with alcohol consumption.Les données disponibles concernant l’évolution des consommations d’alcool pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 sont contradictoires. Alors que certaines études ont suggéré que la consommation d’alcool avait diminué pendant le premier confinement, peu de données sont disponibles à plus long terme. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’évolution des consommations d’alcool, 1 an après le début de la pandémie de COVID-19 en France, et d’identifier les catégories de population à risque dans la population adulte française. Une étude monocentrique, transversale et descriptive a été réalisée.L’évolution des consommations d’alcool a été évaluée à partir des données d’une enquête réalisée sur 2491 répondants, en Bretagne Occidentale, du 18 janvier au 9 mars 2021. 27,64 % des répondants ont rapporté avoir augmenté leur consommation d’alcool, 14,7 % diminué, 3,94 % arrêté, et 53,72 % ont déclaré ne pas avoir modifié leur consommation d’alcool. Une augmentation des consommations d’alcool était associée aux critères suivants : sexe masculin, être âgé de 26 à 44 ans, vivre en famille, ne pas être un professionnel de santé, avoir eu un problème de santé physique ou psychologique pendant les confinements, fumer du tabac, consommer du cannabis. Une diminution des consommations d’alcool était associée aux critères suivants : sexe masculin, être âgé de 18 à 25 ans vivre à Brest, vivre seul, consommer du cannabis. Selon notre étude, un nombre significatif de personnes ont augmenté leur consommation d’alcool en France pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, y compris en dehors des périodes de confinement. Ces résultats devraient encourager les professionnels de santé ainsi que les pouvoirs publics à mettre en place des mesures de prévention plus spécifiques pour limiter les risques associés aux consommations d’alcool

Changes in Alcohol Consumption after 1 Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Region of France

Background: There is conflicting evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic changed patterns of alcohol consumption. While some studies have suggested that alcohol consumption decreased at the beginning of the pandemic, there are limited data for a longer period. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in alcohol consumption 1 year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, and to identify vulnerable subgroups in a French adult population. Methods: This was a single-center, cross-sectional, descriptive study. Self-reported changes in alcohol consumption were collected from 2491 respondents in a survey carried out in western Brittany from 18 January to 9 March 2021. Results: Of respondents, 27.64% reported that they had increased their alcohol consumption, 14.7% had decreased, 3.94% had ceased, and 53.72% reported no change in their alcohol consumption. Increased alcohol use was associated with male gender, age 26 to 44 years, living with a family, not being a health professional, having had a physical or psychological health problem during lockdowns, smoking tobacco, and using cannabis. Reduced alcohol use or cessation was associated with male gender, age 18 to 25 years, living in Brest, living alone, and using cannabis. Conclusions: Our study suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of people increased their alcohol consumption in France, even outside lockdowns. These results should encourage health professionals and public authorities to implement more specific prevention measures to limit the risks associated with alcohol consumption

On the brink of extinction : two new species of Anomaloglossus from French Guiana and amended definitions of Anomaloglossus degranvillei and A. surinamensis (Anura: Aromobatidae)

A large portion of the amphibian species occurring in Amazonia remains undescribed. A recent study on species delineation in Anomaloglossus, a genus endemic to the Guiana Shield, demonstrated the existence of two undescribed species previously identified as A. degranvillei, which we describe herein. In addition to divergence at the molecular level, these two new taxa are also distinguished by subtle morphological characters and substantial differences in the advertisement calls (note length, dominant frequency, note structure). One species occurs in the hilly lowlands of north-eastern French Guiana and is mainly distinguished from its closest relatives by a small body size (15.9-18.8 mm in males) and by vocalisations characterized by the emission of short notes of 0.09 s on average. The other species is only known from the Itoupe Massif in southern French Guiana and is mainly distinguished from its closest relatives by a moderate body size (19.4-20.4 mm in males) and by vocalisations characterized by the emission of long notes of 0.23 s on average. We also provide amended definitions for two previously described species in the A. degranvillei species group: A. degranvillei, which is endemic to a few massifs in central French Guiana, and A. surinamensis, which is distributed throughout Suriname and French Guiana. The new species described here and A. degranvillei have very narrow ranges within French Guiana and seem to have rapidly declined during the last decade. Therefore, we suggest A. degranvillei and A. dewynteri to be considered as "Critically Endangered" and A. blanci as "Vulnerable" according to the IUCN standards

Anomaloglossus dewynteri Antoine & Vacher & Courtois & Villette & Reizine & Gaucher & Jairam & Ouboter & Kok 2018, sp. nov.

<i>Anomaloglossus dewynteri</i> sp. nov. <p> <i>Anomaloglossus</i> sp. <i>“</i> Itoupé” Vacher <i>et al.</i> 2017</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> MNHN2017.0111 (field no. AF3644/APA-973-23-2), an adult male, collected by Antoine Fouquet, 11 January 2016, near base camp on Mont Itoupé, French Guiana, 3.0230 N 53.0955 W, elevation ca. ~ 600 m (Figure 7).</p> <p> <b>Paratopotypes.</b> Three specimens: MNHN2017.0112 (field no. AF0574; not measured because badly preserved), an adult male, collected by Maël Dewynter, 0 5 April 2010, near base camp on Mont Itoupé, French Guiana, 3.0230 N 53.0955 W, ~ 600 m elevation. MNHN2017.0113–4 (field no. AF3686/APA-973-23-1, AF3645/ APA-973-23-3), two adult males, collected by Antoine Fouquet, with the holotype.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is dedicated to our friend Maël Dewynter for his invaluable contribution to the herpetology of French Guiana.</p> <p> <b>Adult definition and diagnosis.</b> We assigned the new species to the genus <i>Anomaloglossus</i> based on previous studies (Fouquet <i>et al.</i> 2012; Vacher <i>et al.</i> 2017) and the presence of a median lingual process. The new species belongs to the <i>A. degranvillei</i> clade according to Vacher <i>et al.</i> (2017).</p> <p> (1) Medium-sized <i>Anomaloglossus</i> (average male SVL= 19.9 mm [19.4–20.4, n=3], female unknown) (Table 1); (2) body robust; (3) skin tuberculate on dorsum (particularly the posterior half) and legs, with a larger tubercle on each eyelid, ventral skin smooth; (4) conspicuous dark brown to black glandulous supratympanic fold flanked anteroventrally by a discontinuous stripe (orange in life, cream in preservative) running from the ventroposterior edge of the eye and extending onto the upper arm; (5) tympanum indistinct; (6) snout short and acute in lateral view; (7) nares oriented ventrolaterally, situated near tip of snout; (8) Finger II shorter than Finger I when fingers adpressed; (9) tip of Finger IV not reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers adpressed; (10) distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III and IV indistinct; (11) Finger III not distinctly swollen in males; (12) fingers with fringes particularly developed on preaxial edges of Fingers II and III; (13) toes moderately webbed, with well-developed fringes (<i>sensu</i> Grant <i>et al.</i> 2006; keel-like lateral folds <i>sensu</i> Myers & Donnelly 2008); (14) tarsal keel well-defined, curved, slightly tuberclelike; (15) no black arm gland in males (<i>sensu</i> Grant & Castro 1998. see also Grant <i>et al.</i> 2006); (16) cloacal tubercles present; (17) paracloacal mark inconspicuous; (18) dorsolateral stripe absent or inconspicuous, dorsal part of flanks darker than dorsum; (19) ventrolateral stripe sometimes present as a broken, poorly defined pale brown blotch, ventral part of flanks with flecks white or bluish (in life); (20) sexual dichromatism in throat colour pattern unknown (although likely because present in other species of the clade), throat solid black in reproductive males; (21) abdomen and ventral side of legs dark grey with small ill-defined white dots; (22) iris with metallic pigmentation and pupil ring interrupted ventrally by transversal black pigmentation; (23) median lingual process longer than wide, tapered, bluntly pointed, smooth (nonpapillate), reclined in pit; (24) single note call of 0.221– 0.237 s length and dominant frequency at 3.45–3.59 kHz (n=3) (Table 2; Figure 3).</p> <p> <b> Morphological comparisons with other lowland <i>Anomaloglossus.</i></b> The only other species group cooccurring with the <i>Anomaloglossus degranvillei</i> species group is the <i>A. stepheni</i> species group, represented by <i>A</i>. <i>baeobatrachus</i> in French Guiana, which is readily distinguishable by conspicuous dorsolateral stripes, swollen third fingers in males and absence of webbing and fringes on toes.</p> <p> Within the <i>Anomaloglossus degranvillei</i> group, <i>A. dewynteri</i> can be distinguished from <i>A. surinamensis</i> (Figure 4) by (1) a shorter snout, acute in lateral view (vs. rounded in <i>A. surinamensis</i>); (2) a larger body size in males (<i>X¯</i> = 19.9 mm, range 19.4–20.4 mm in <i>A. dewynteri</i> [n=3] vs. <i>X¯</i> =14.75, range 14.0– 15.3 mm in <i>A. surinamensis</i> [n=8]); (3) more developed fringes on fingers and toes; (4) presence of a large tubercle on the top of the eyelid (inconspicuous in <i>A. surinamensis</i>); (5) belly dark grey with small white spots (vs. cream with irregular grey blotches less abundant posteriorly in <i>A. surinamensis</i>); (6) ventral surface of thigh dark grey (vs. cream with dark spots on the edges in <i>A. surinamensis</i>); (7) larger MLP (> 0.5 mm vs <0.5 mm in <i>A. surinamensis</i>; (8) call characterized by much longer pulsed notes (pulsed note <i>X¯</i> =0.228, range 0.221– 0.237 s [n=3] in <i>A. dewynteri</i> vs. tonal note <i>X¯</i> =0.032, range 0.028– 0.037 s in <i>A. surinamensis</i> [n=20]) emitted between longer intervals (<i>X¯</i> =0.76, range 0.60– 0.88 s in <i>A. dewynteri</i> [n=3] vs. <i>X¯</i> =0.573, range 0.372– 0.825 s in <i>A. surinamensis</i> [n=20]) and with lower dominant frequency (<i>X¯</i> =3.52, range 3.45–3.59 kHz in <i>A. dewynteri</i> [n=4] vs. <i>X¯</i> =4.89 kHZ, range 4.55–5.35 kHz in <i>A. surinamensis</i> [n=20]).</p> <p> <i>Anomaloglossus dewynteri</i> can be distinguished from <i>A. blanci</i> (Figure 2) by (1) its larger size in males (X= 19.9 mm, range 19.4–20.4 mm in <i>A. dewynteri</i> [n=3] vs. <i>X¯</i> =16.9, range 15.9–18.8 mm in <i>A. blanci</i> [n=8]); (2) belly from solid black to dark grey with abundant small conspicuous white spots (pale grey with small white illdefined spots in <i>A. blanci</i>); (3) ventral surface of thighs dark grey (yellowish in life and cream in preservative in <i>A. blanci</i>); (4) strong metacarpal ridge (inconspicuous in <i>A. blanci</i>, Figures 2F, 7F); (5) call with longer notes (X=0.228, range 0.221– 0.237 s [n=3] in <i>A. dewynteri</i> vs. <i>X¯</i> =0.094, range 0.090– 0.103 s in <i>A. blanci</i> [n=6]) and higher dominant frequency (<i>X¯</i> =3.52, range 3.45–3.59 kHz in <i>A. dewynteri</i> [n=4] vs. <i>X¯</i> =4.75, range 4.48–5.41 kHz in <i>A. blanci</i> [n=6]).</p> <p> <i>Anomaloglossus dewynteri</i> can only be distinguished from the most similar <i>A. degranvillei</i> (Figure 5) by its call consisting of longer notes (<i>X¯</i> =0.228, range 0.221– 0.237 s [n=3] in <i>A. dewynteri</i> [n=4] vs. <i>X¯</i> =0.158, range 0.157– 0.160 s in <i>A. degranvillei</i> [n=2]) (Figure 3; Table 2). Molecular data provided by Vacher <i>et al.</i> (2017) demonstrated that these two species harbour well-differentiated mtDNA lineages (2.3% on 16S) and our phylogenetic analysis indicates that <i>A. dewynteri</i> is not the sister species of <i>A. degranvillei</i> (see below). <i>Anomaloglossus dewynteri</i> could possibly be distinguished from <i>A. degranvillei</i> by its more tuberculate skin and by its darker dorsal and lateral colouration. However, these two features should be taken with caution given the small number of specimens available and the paucity of available data from living specimens.</p> <p> <b>Description of the holotype (Figure 7).</b> An adult male 19.9 mm SVL; body robust; head wider than long, HL 85% of HW; HL 32% of SVL; dorsal skin tuberculate, large tubercle on eyelids, snout large, rounded to nearly truncate in dorsal view, acute in lateral view, extending past lower jaw, SL 56% of HL. Nares located anterolaterally; canthus rostralis rounded but well defined, loreal region concave; IN 40% of HW; EN 31% of HL, 77% of ED. Tympanum indistinct; supratympanic fold present, extending from ventrodorsal corner of the eye onto the upper arm; choanae round, small, located anterolaterally.</p> <p>Forelimb slender, skin tuberculate; metacarpal ridge present; HAND 25% of SVL; Finger I longer than Finger II when fingers adpressed; fingers large and flattened without webbing, lateral fringes present on preaxial edges of Fingers II and III; Finger III not distinctly swollen; tip of Finger IV not reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers appressed; finger discs expanded, wider than long, about 1.5X width of digit; width of disc on Finger III 0.8 mm. Relative lengths of adpressed fingers III> IV> I> II; palmar tubercle large, quadrangular. 1.0 mm in diameter (larger than Finger III disc), thenar tubercle small (equal to Finger III disc), elliptic, half the size of palmar tubercle, well separated from palmar tubercle. Only basal subarticular tubercles of Fingers III and IV are conspicuous; Finger I subarticular tubercle largest followed by Finger II subarticular tubercle, basal subarticular tubercle on Finger III and IV smaller, subequal. The holotype has a missing left hand (all the individuals collected in 2016 had some atrophied or missing fingers/toes).</p> <p> Hind limb robust, skin tuberculate; TL 47% of SVL; heels not in contact when hind limbs are flexed at right angle to sagittal plane of body; FL 42% of SVL; relative length of adpressed toes IV> III> V> II> I; Toe I very short, its tip reaching the base of subarticular tubercle on Toe II when toes adpressed; discs on toes larger than width of toes; disc on Toe I only slightly larger than width of digit. Size of disc on Toe IV 1.0 mm. Feet moderately webbed, webbing present between Toes I–IV, webbing without melanophores; lateral fringes present on all toes. Toe webbing formula <b>I</b> 0- -1- <b>II</b> 1 ½-2- <b>III</b> 1 - -3 <b>IV</b> 3 - -2+ <b>V</b>. One to three subarticular tubercles on toes as follows: one on Toes I and II, two on Toes III and V, three on Toe IV. Inner metatarsal tubercle protuberant elliptical, 0.7 mm in length, outer metatarsal tubercle round, protuberant, 0.5 mm in diameter. Tarsal keel well defined, tubercle-like and strongly curved at proximal end, extending distally to the fringe on preaxial edge of Toe I. Metatarsal fold strong.</p> <p> <b>Colour of holotype in life (Figure 7).</b> Dorsal colour dark brown, faint dorsolateral stripe, upper flanks black becoming slightly lighter ventrally with a few white-blue freckles. Supratympanic fold black bordered by a discontinuous orange postocular stripe. Upper lip brown, loreal and internarial region black. Throat solid black becoming slightly paler posteriorly, belly and ventral parts of legs dark grey with light blue freckles. Iris with reddish metallic pigmentation and pupil ring interrupted ventrally by transversal pigmentation.</p> <p>Upper and posterior surfaces of arm pale orange, black anteriorly (same colour as throat). Dorsal surfaces of thigh, shank and tarsus with diffuse combination of orange, pale brown and two wide poorly defined dark brown cross bands; more cross bands on tarsus. Paracloacal marks inconspicuous. Toes and digits with small light blue dots. Palms and soles black.</p> <p> <b>Colour of holotype in preservative</b>. After one year in preservative (70% ethanol), the specimen faded and he dorsal colouration now varies from brown to grey. The bluish freckles turned cream as well as the orange and reddish marks.</p> <p> <b>Variation among type specimens.</b> Measurements (range, mean, and standard deviation) of the type series are provided in Table 1. There is only slight variation among specimens of the type series. However, specimens photographed in 2010 displayed a dorsal colouration going from brown with black blotches to uniform brick; flank colouration black with various pattern of brown ventroposterior marks as well as white and bluish dots (Figure 6).</p> <p> <b>Advertisement call (Figure 3).</b> Three specimens (one uncollected) calling from the leaf litter near a stream were recorded from a distance of about 1 m and at temperatures ranging from 21 to 24°C. They emitted single pulsed notes (note length <i>X¯</i> =0.228, range 0.221– 0.237 s [n=3]) at a regular pace (inter-note interval <i>X¯</i> =0.761, range 0.600– 0.883 s). The spectral structure of the note has a developed harmonic structure and the dominant frequency is 3.52 kHz on average (range 3.45–3.59 kHz) with a slight upward modulation (ca. 0.2 kHz).</p> <p> <b>Distribution and ecology.</b> <i>Anomaloglossus dewynteri</i> is only known from two rocky streams close to each other at 600 m elevation, on the slope of the Itoupé massif, an isolated mountain reaching 800 m elevation in the south-eastern part of French Guiana. Males call from the banks of these streams during the day and their activity seems fostered by rainfall. Many individuals were observed during the first exploration of the massif in 2010. However, only four individuals were detected in 2016 despite eight days of searching by four herpetologists, and despite any obvious perturbation of the habitat. This species co-occurs with <i>A. surinamensis</i> on the massif, but the two species were not found together along the same streams.</p> <p> <i>Anomaloglossus dewynteri</i> has the same reproductive mode as <i>A. blanci</i> and <i>A. degranvillei</i>, with endotrophic tadpoles carried by the male until metamorphosis. In 2010, one individual carrying six metamorphs at similar stages (Gosner stages 42–43) was observed. We cannot exclude that these metamorphs are not from two different clutches of smaller size.</p> <p> <b> Comparison with the type series of <i>Anomaloglossus degranvillei</i>.</b> Our examination of the original type series used by Lescure (1975) to describe <i>Anomaloglossus degranvillei</i> shows that it included three distinct species of the <i>A. degranvillei</i> clade occurring in French Guiana. Based on the original description and according to the characters observed in the holotype, we restrict the type series to the holotype and three of the original paratypes (MNHNP1973- 1656–58) from Atachi Bakka (3.5455 N 53.9068 W).</p> <p> Paratypes MNHNP 1659–63 and MNHNP 1667–70 from Eaux Clément (4.6556 N 52.2480 W) and MNHNP 1665-66 from Cacao (4.5610 N 52.4629 W) correspond to <i>A. blanci</i> based on the following combination of characters: (1) body size comprised between 15.9–18.8 mm in males; (2) belly pale grey with small white freckles; and (3) protruding snout in lateral view.</p> <p> Paratype MNHNP1973-1672 from Galbao (3.600 N 53.2833 W), MNHNP1664 from Saül (3.62556 N 53.2072 W) and MNHNP1676 from Crique Grégoire (5.0975 N 53.0506 W) correspond to <i>A. surinamensis</i> as inferred from the following combination of characters: (1) small body size (between 14.0– 15.3 mm in males 16.0– 17.1 mm in females); (2) snout short and rounded in lateral view; (3) toes moderately webbed, with fringes (4) abdomen and ventral side of legs cream with brown freckles.</p> <p> Unfortunately, we could not examine LACM44211-12 from Crique Ipoussing (4.1307 N 52.5760 W), LG870–873 from Eaux Clément (4.6556 N 52.2480 W) and LACM44213–23 from Montagne Tortue (4.300 N 52.3667 W), but these localities lie within the range of <i>Anomaloglossus blanci</i> and, to our knowledge, no other species of the group occur there. These paratypes are thus excluded from the type series of <i>A. degranvillei</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Antoine, Fouquet, Vacher, Jean-Pierre, Courtois, Elodie A., Villette, Benoit, Reizine, Hugo, Gaucher, Philippe, Jairam, Rawien, Ouboter, Paul & Kok, Philippe J. R., 2018, On the brink of extinction: two new species of Anomaloglossus from French Guiana and amended definitions of Anomaloglossus degranvillei and A. surinamensis (Anura: Aromobatidae), pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 4379 (1)</i> on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4379.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1172286">http://zenodo.org/record/1172286</a&gt