L'impact économique des ordonnances potentiellement non appropriées de benzodiazépines dans la population âgée vivant à domicile

Bien qu'il s'agisse d'un traitement efficace pour les troubles anxieux, les benzodiazépines (BZDs) sont largement prescrites et représentent une des principales causes d'ordonnances potentiellement non appropriées (OPNA) dans la population âgée. Une étude a été menée auprès de la cohorte de l'étude ESA (Enquête sur la santé des aînés, 2006), un échantillon représentatif (n=2811) de la population âgée ([plus grand ou égal à] 65 ans) vivant à domicile au Québec, ayant pour but de décrire l'utilisation des services de santé et les coûts associés aux ordonnances potentiellement non appropriées (OPNAs) de BZDs. Cette analyse secondaire des données de l'Enquête ESA a été effectuée auprès des participants qui étaient couverts par l'assurance médicaments de la RAMQ (n=2302). Les OPNAs et les interactions pharmacologiques ont été définies par les critères de Beers (Fick, 2003) et de Ben Amar (Ben Amar, 2007), respectivement. Des régressions logistiques ont été utilisées pour évaluer la présence d'une association entre les OPNAs de BZDs et l'utilisation des services de santé, tout en ajustant pour plusieurs facteurs individuels et cliniques. Selon une perspective du système public de soins de santé, l'analyse des coûts a été effectuée à l'aide d'un modèle linéaire généralisé avec distribution gamma (Log Link). Les résultats indiquent que 32 % (n=744) des participants de l'étude ESA ont utilisé des BZDs et 44 % (n=331) des utilisateurs ont reçu au moins une OPNA dans l'année précédente. Seuls les patients susceptibles d'interactions médicamenteuses impliquant une BZD étaient plus à risque d'hospitalisations, de visites à l'urgence et de multiples visites ambulatoires en comparaison avec les consommateurs appropriés. De plus, ces interactions étaient associées à des coûts annuels per capita supérieurs de 3076$(CAN$ 2009), ce qui représente potentiellement un fardeau économique important pour le système de soins de santé québécois. Ce projet de recherche souligne l'importance de s'intéresser aux OPNAs de BZDs, plus particulièrement aux interactions médicamenteuses impliquant une BZD, touchant jusqu'à 7 % de la population âgée, ainsi que de développer des stratégies ayant pour but de les prévenir

Effect of ribociclib on productivity losses due to breast cancer in young women in Brazil

OBJETIVE: To evaluate the effect of ribociclib versus endocrine therapy on productivity losses due to advanced breast cancer. METHODS: Productivity data from the MONALEESA-7 trial, obtained from the results of the application of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire on progression-free survival state (43-month follow-up), were extrapolated to the 10,936 Brazilian prevalent cases of premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer. Productivity loss was determined by quantifying the economic costs of workforce dropout over time in both treatment arms and by discounting the economic costs of absenteeism and presenteeism from workforce retention. A human capital approach was used. RESULTS: Net productivity gains in the ribociclib arm were estimated at USD 4,285,525.00, representing 316,609 added work hours over 43 months and a mean of 2,009 added work weeks per year. CONCLUSIONS: The phase III MONALEESA-7 trial productivity results applied to the Brazilian premenopausal prevalent cases of hormone receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer showed that treatment with ribociclib + endocrine therapy improves workforce participation compared with endocrine therapy alone in premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer, with potential economic gains for the Brazilian society

Crown ether modified peptide interactions with model membranes

A simple model of an uncharged antimicrobial peptide, carrying four crown ether side chains, is modified further by the selective incorporation of arginine side chains to control its secondary structure and its interaction with model membranes and living cells. Conformational studies show that shifting the position of a cationic residue in the peptide sequence allows to control its secondary structure and supramolecular self-assembly in solution. Results also demonstrate that the secondary structure influences the interaction with model membranes and cells. An α-helical peptide with greater amphiphilicity forms assemblies that interact with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic model membranes and cells. However, a β-stranded peptide with evenly distributed charges generates assemblies that interact more selectively with prokaryotic model membranes and cells. In addition, we observed differences in peptide orientation between uncharged and cationic α-helical peptides with different phospholipid bilayers. In general, the studied peptides have a higher affinity for thinner membranes, and cationic peptides interacted better with anionic membranes

Links Between Metabolic and Structural Changes in the Brain of Cognitively Normal Older Adults: A 4-Year Longitudinal Follow-Up

We aimed to longitudinally assess the relationship between changing brain energy metabolism (glucose and acetoacetate) and cognition during healthy aging. Participants aged 71 ± 5 year underwent cognitive evaluation and quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at baseline (N = 25) and two (N = 25) and four (N = 16) years later. During the follow-up, the rate constant for brain extraction of glucose (Kglc) declined by 6%–12% mainly in the temporo-parietal lobes and cingulate gyri (p ≤ 0.05), whereas brain acetoacetate extraction (Kacac) and utilization remained unchanged in all brain regions (p ≥ 0.06). Over the 4 years, cognitive results remained within the normal age range but an age-related decline was observed in processing speed. Kglc in the caudate was directly related to performance on several cognitive tests (r = +0.41 to +0.43, allp ≤ 0.04). Peripheral insulin resistance assessed by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly inversely related to Kglc in the thalamus (r = −0.44, p = 0.04) and in the caudate (r = −0.43, p = 0.05), and also inversely related to executive function, attention and processing speed (r = −0.45 to −0.53, all p ≤ 0.03). We confirm in a longitudinal setting that the age-related decline in Kglc is directly associated with declining performance on some tests of cognition but does not significantly affect Kacac

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security