97 research outputs found
Regulation of arylsulphatase A and sulphogalactolipid turnover by cortisol in myelinogenic cultures of cells dissociated from embryonic mouse brain
Dynamic & Cyclic behaviour of ballast in the long term as determined in Cedex's track box
The 6 cylinder servo-hydraulic loading system of CEDEX's track box (250 kN, 50 Hz) has been recently implemented with a new piezoelectric loading system (±20 kN, 300 Hz) allowing the incorporation of low amplitude high frequency dynamic load time histories to the high amplitude low frequency quasi-static load time histories used so far in the CEDEX's track box to assess the inelastic long term behavior of ballast under mixed traffic in conventional and high- speed lines. This presentation will discuss the results obtained in the first long-duration test performed at CEDEX's track box using simultaneously both loading systems, to simulate the pass-by of 6000 freight vehicles (1M of 225 kN axle loads) travelling at a speed of 120 km/h over a line with vertical irregularities corresponding to a medium quality lin3e level. The superstructure of the track tested at full scale consisted of E 60 rails, stiff rail pads (mayor que 450 kN/mm), B90.2 sleepers with USP 0.10 N/mm and a 0.35 m thick ballast layer of ADIF first class. A shear wave velocity of 250 m/s can be assumed for the different layers of the track sub-base. The ballast long-term settlements will be compared with those obtained in a previous long-duration quasi- static test performed in the same track, for the RIVAS [EU co-funded] project, in which no dynamic loads where considered. Also, the results provided by a high diameter cyclic triaxial cell with ballast tested in full size will be commented. Finally, the progress made at CEDEX's Geotechnical Laboratory to reproduce numerically the long term behavior of ballast will be discussed
A state-of-the-art review of curve squeal noise: Phenomena, mechanisms, modelling and mitigation
[EN] Curve squeal is an intense tonal noise occurring when a rail vehicle negotiates a sharp curve. The phenomenon can be considered to be chaotic, with a widely differing likelihood of occurrence on different days or even times of day. The term curve squeal may include several different phenomena with a wide range of dominant frequencies and potentially different excitation mechanisms. This review addresses the different squeal phenomena and the approaches used to model squeal noise; both time-domain and frequency-domain approaches are discussed and compared. Supporting measurements using test rigs and field tests are also summarised. A particular aspect that is addressed is the excitation mechanism. Two mechanisms have mainly been considered in previous publications. In many early papers the squeal was supposed to be generated by the so-called falling friction characteristic in which the friction coefficient reduces with increasing sliding velocity. More recently the mode coupling mechanism has been raised as an alternative. These two mechanisms are explained and compared and the evidence for each is discussed. Finally, a short review is given of mitigation measures and some suggestions are offered for why these are not always successful.Squicciarini, G.; Thompson, D.; Ding, B.; Baeza González, LM. (2018). A state-of-the-art review of curve squeal noise: Phenomena, mechanisms, modelling and mitigation. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 139:3-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73411-8_1S341139Anderson, D., Wheatley, N., Fogarty, B., Jiang, J., Howie, A., Potter, W.: Mitigation of curve squeal noise in Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia. In: Conference on Railway Engineering. pp. 625–636, Perth, Australia (2008)Hanson, D., Jiang, J., Dowdell, B., Dwight, R.: Curve squeal: causes, treatments and results. In INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, vol. 249, pp. 6316–6323. Melbourne, Australia (2014)Rudd, M.J.: Wheel/rail noise—part II: wheel squeal. J. Sound Vib. 46(3), 381–394 (1976)Remington, P.J.: Wheel/rail squeal and impact noise: what do we know? What don’t we know? Where do we go from here? J. Sound Vib. 116(2), 339–353 (1987)Remington, P.J.: Wheel/rail rolling noise: what do we know? What don’t we know? Where do we go from here? J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 203–226 (1988)Wickens, A.H.: Fundamentals of Rail Vehicle Dynamics, Guidance and Stability. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse (2003)Thompson, D.J.: Railway Noise and Vibration: Mechanisms, Modelling and Mitigation. Elsevier, Oxford (2009)Kalker, J.J.: Three Dimensional Elastic Bodies in Rolling Contact. Kluwer academic publishers, Dordrecht (1990)Vermeulen, P.J., Johnson, K.L.: Contact of nonspherical elastic bodies transmitting tangential forces. J. Appl. Mech. 31(2), 338–340 (1964)Shen, Z.Y., Hedrick, J.K., Elkins, J.A.: A comparison of alternative creep-force models for rail vehicle dynamic analysis. In: Proceedings of 8th IAVSD Symposium, Cambridge MA, Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp. 591–605 (1983)Huang, Z.Y.: Theoretical Modelling of Railway Curve Squeal. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, UK (2007)Hoffmann, N., Fischer, M., Allgaier, R., Gaul, L.: A minimal model for studying properties of the mode-coupling type instability in friction induced oscillations. Mech. Res. Commun. 29(4), 197–205 (2002)Hoffmann, N., Gaul, L.: Effects of damping on mode-coupling instability in friction induced oscillations. J. Appl. Math. Mech. 83(8), 524–534 (2003)Sinou, J.J., Jezequel, L.: Mode coupling instability in friction-induced vibrations and its dependency on system parameters including damping. Eur. J. Mech.-A/Solids 26(1), 106–122 (2007)Johnson, K.L.: Contact Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985)Kinkaid, N.M., O’Reilly, O.M., Papadopoulos, P.: Automotive disc brake squeal. J. Sound Vib. 267(1), 105–166 (2003)Ghazaly, N.M., El-Sharkawy, M., Ahmed, I.: A review of automotive brake squeal mechanisms. J. Mech. Des. Vibr. 1(1), 5–9 (2013)Ouyang, H., Nack, W., Yuan, Y., Chen, F.: Numerical analysis of automotive disc brake squeal: a review. Int. J. Veh. Noise Vib. 1(3–4), 207–231 (2005)Dorf, R.C., Bishop, R.H.: Modern Control Systems, 11th edn. Prentice Hall. (2008)De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A., Kooijman, P.P., van Vliet, W.J.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 1): frequency domain calculation model. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1560–1563. Nice, France (2000)Von Stappenbeck, H.: Das Kurvengeräusch der Straßenbahn. Möglichkeiten zu seiner Unterdrückung. Z. VDI 96(6), 171–175 (1954)Van Ruiten, C.J.M.: Mechanism of squeal noise generated by trams. J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 245–253 (1988)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 1st report, on frequency of squeal. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 25, 1127–1134 (1982)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 2nd report, mechanism of specific squeal frequency. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 27, 301–308 (1984)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 3rd report, squeal of a disk simulating a wheel in internal resonances. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 28, 500–507 (1985)Schneider, E., Popp, K., Irretier, H.: Noise generation in railway wheels due to rail-wheel contact forces. J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 227–244 (1988)Kraft, K.: Der Einfluß der Fahrgeschwindigkeit auf den Haftwert zwischen Rad und Schiene. Arch. für Eisenbahntechnik 22, 58–78 (1967)Fingberg, U.: A model of wheel-rail squealing noise. J. Sound Vib. 143(3), 365–377 (1990)Périard, F.: Wheel-Rail Noise Generation: Curve Squealing by Trams. Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft (1998)Heckl, M.A., Abrahams, I.D.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 1: mathematical model for its generation. J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 669–693 (2000)Heckl, M.A.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 2: which wheel modes are prone to squeal? J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 695–707 (2000)Heckl, M.A.: Curve squeal of train wheels: unstable modes and limit cycles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 458, 1949–1965 (2002)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Wheel squeal noise: a simplified model to simulate the effect of rolling speed and angle of attack. J. Sound Vib. 338, 184–198 (2015)Meehan, P.A., Liu, X.: Analytical prediction and investigation of wheel squeal amplitude. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 69–80. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Kooijman, P.P., Van Vliet, W.J., Janssens, M.H.A., De Beer, F.G.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 2): set-up for measurement of creepage dependent friction coefficient. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1564–1567. Nice, France (2000)De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A., Kooijman, P.P.: Squeal noise of rail-bound vehicles influenced by lateral contact position. J. Sound Vib. 267(3), 497–507 (2003)Thompson, D.J., Hemsworth, B., Vincent, N.: Experimental validation of the TWINS prediction program for rolling noise, part 1: description of the model and method. J. Sound Vib. 193(1), 123–135 (1996)Monk-Steel, A., Thompson, D.J.: Models for railway curve squeal noise. In: VIII International Conference on Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics, Southampton, UK (2003)Barman, J.F., Katzenelson, J.: A generalized Nyquist-type stability criterion for multivariable feedback systems. Int. J. Control 20(4), 593–622 (1974)Huang, Z.Y., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J.C.: Squeal prediction for a bogied vehicle in a curve. In Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM vol. 99, pp. 313–319. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Hsu, S.S., Huang, Z., Iwnicki, S.D., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J., Xie, G., Allen, P.D.: Experimental and theoretical investigation of railway wheel squeal. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 221(1), 59–73 (2007)Squicciarini, G., Usberti, S., Thompson, D.J., Corradi, R., Barbera, A.: Curve squeal in the presence of two wheel/rail contact points. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 603–610. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Xie, G., Allen, P.D., Iwnicki, S.D., Alonso, A., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J., Huang, Z.Y.: Introduction of falling friction coefficients into curving calculations for studying curve squeal noise. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(sup1), 261–271 (2006)Giménez, J.G., Alonso, A., Gómez, E.: Introduction of a friction coefficient dependent on the slip in the FastSim algorithm. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 43(4), 233–244 (2005)Chiello, O., Ayasse, J.B., Vincent, N., Koch, J.R.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 3: theoretical model. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 710–727 (2006)Collette, C.: Importance of the wheel vertical dynamics in the squeal noise mechanism on a scaled test bench. Shock Vibr. 19(2), 145–153 (2012)Brunel, J.F., Dufrénoy, P., Naït, M., Muñoz, J.L., Demilly, F.: Transient models for curve squeal noise. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 758–765 (2006)Glocker, C., Cataldi-Spinola, E., Leine, R.I.: Curve squealing of trains: measurement, modelling and simulation. J. Sound Vib. 324(1), 365–386 (2009)Pieringer, A.: A numerical investigation of curve squeal in the case of constant wheel/rail friction. J. Sound Vib. 333(18), 4295–4313 (2014)Pieringer, A., Kropp, W.: A time-domain model for coupled vertical and tangential wheel/rail interaction—a contribution to the modelling of curve squeal. In: Maeda, T., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 118, pp. 221–229. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)Pieringer, A., Baeza, L., Kropp. W.: Modelling of railway curve squeal including effects of wheel rotation. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 417–424. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Zenzerovic, I., Pieringer, A., Kropp. W.: Towards an engineering model for curve squeal. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 433–440. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Zenzerovic, I., Kropp, W., Pieringer, A.: An engineering time-domain model for curve squeal: tangential point-contact model and Green’s functions approach. J. Sound Vib. 376, 149–165 (2016)Pieringer, A., Torstensson, P.T., Giner, J., Baeza, L.: Investigation of railway curve squeal using a combination of frequency- and time-domain models. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 81–93. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Chen, G.X., Xiao, J.B., Liu, Q.Y., Zhou. Z.R.: Complex eigenvalue analysis of railway curve squeal. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 433–439. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Fourie, D.J., Gräbe, P.J., Heyns, P.S., Fröhling, R.D.: Analysis of wheel squeal due to unsteady longitudinal creepage using the complex eigenvalue method. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 55–67. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Wang, C., Dwight, R., Li, W., Jiang, J.: Prediction on curve squeal in the case of constant wheel rail friction coefficient. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp XXX–XXX. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Ding, B., Squicciarini, G., Thompson, D.J.: Effects of rail dynamics and friction characteristics on curve squeal. In: XIII International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control and XII International Conference on Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics (MoViC/RASD), Southampton (2016)Bleedorn, T.G., Johnstone. B.: Steerable steel wheel systems and wheel noise suppression. In: Conference Rec IAS 12th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California (1977)Koch, J.R., Vincent, N., Chollet, H., Chiello, O.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 2: parametric study on a 1/4 scale test rig. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 701–709 (2006)Logston, C.F., Itami, G.S.: Locomotive friction-creep studies. ASME J. Eng. Ind. 102(3), 275–281 (1980)Ertz, M.: Creep force laws for wheel/rail contact with temperature-dependent coefficient of friction. In: 8th Mini Conference on Vehicle System Dynamics, Identification and Anomalies, Budapest (2002)Lang, W., Roth, R.: Optimale Kraftschlussausnutzung bei Hochleistungs-Schienenfahrzeugen. Eisenbahntechnische Rundsch. 42, 61–66 (1993)Polach, O.: Creep forces in simulations of traction vehicles running on adhesion limit. Wear 258(7), 992–1000 (2005)Zhang, W., Chen, J., Wu, X., Jin, X.: Wheel/rail adhesion and analysis by using full scale roller rig. Wear 253(1), 82–88 (2002)Harrison, H., McCanney, T., Cotter, J.: Recent developments in coefficient of friction measurements at the rail/wheel interface. Wear 253(1), 114–123 (2002)Gallardo-Hernandez, E.A., Lewis, R.: Twin disc assessment of wheel/rail adhesion. Wear 265(9), 1309–1316 (2008)Fletcher, D.I., Lewis, S.: Creep curve measurement to support wear and adhesion modelling, using a continuously variable creep twin disc machine. Wear 298–299, 57–65 (2013)Fletcher, D.I.: A new two-dimensional model of rolling–sliding contact creep curves for a range of lubrication types. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J: J. Eng. Tribol. 227(6), 529–537 (2013)Matsumoto, A., Sato, Y., Ono, H., Wang, Y., Yamamoto, M., Tanimoto, M., Oka, Y.: Creep force characteristics between rail and wheel on scaled model. Wear 253(1), 199–203 (2002)Janssens, M.H.A., van Vliet, W.J., Kooijman, P.P., De Beer, F.G.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 3): measurement method and results. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1568–1571, Nice, France (2000)Monk-Steel, A.D., Thompson, D.J., De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A.: An investigation into the influence of longitudinal creepage on railway squeal noise due to lateral creepage. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 766–776 (2006)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of the effect of lateral adhesion and rolling speed on wheel squeal noise. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 227(5), 469–480 (2013)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of the effect of relative humidity on lateral force in rolling contact and curve squeal. Wear 310(1), 12–19 (2014)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of squeal noise under positive friction characteristics condition provided by friction modifiers. J. Sound Vib. 371, 393–405 (2016)Jie, E., Kim, J.Y., Hwang, D.H., Lee, J.H., Kim, K.J., Kim, J.C.: An experimental study of squeal noise characteristics for railways using a scale model test rig. In: J. Pombo (ed.) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy (2016)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M., Kalousek, J.: Railway noise and the effect of top of rail liquid friction modifiers: changes in sound and vibration spectral distributions in curves. Wear 258(7), 1148–1155 (2005)Bullen, R., Jiang, J.: Algorithms for detection of rail wheel squeal. In: 20th International Congress on Acoustics 2010, ICA 2010—Incorporating Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society. pp. 2212–2216 (2010)Stefanelli, R., Dual, J., Cataldi-Spinola, E.: Acoustic modelling of railway wheels and acoustic measurements to determine involved eigenmodes in the curve squealing phenomenon. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(sup1), 286–295 (2006)Vincent, N., Koch, J.R., Chollet, H., Guerder, J.Y.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 1: state of the art and field measurements. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 691–700 (2006)Anderson, D., Wheatley, N.: Mitigation of wheel squeal and flanging noise on the Australian network. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 399–405. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Curley, D., Anderson, D.C., Jiang, J., Hanson, D.: Field trials of gauge face lubrication and top-of-rail friction modification for curve noise mitigation. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 449–456. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Jiang, J., Hanson, D., Dowdell, B.: Wheel squeal—insights from wayside condition monitoring measurements and field trials. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 41–53. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Jiang, J., Dwight, R., Anderson, D.: Field verification of curving noise mechanisms. In: Maeda, T., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 118, pp. 349–356. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)Jiang, J., Anderson, D.C., Dwight, R.: The mechanisms of curve squeal. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 587–594. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Fourie, D.J., Gräbe, P.J., Heyns, P.S., Fröhling, R.D.: Experimental characterisation of railway wheel squeal occurring in large-radius curves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 230(6), 1561–1574 (2016)Corradi, R., Crosio, P., Manzoni, S., Squicciarini, G.: Experimental investigation on squeal noise in tramway sharp curves. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011, Leuven (2011)Merideno, I., Nieto, J., Gil-Negrete, N., Landaberea, A., Iartza, J.: Constrained layer damper modelling and performance evaluation for eliminating squeal noise in trams. Shock and Vibration (2014)Nelson J.T.: Wheel/rail noise control manual, TCRP Report 23 (1997)Krüger, F.: Schall- und Erschütterungsschutz im Schienenverkehr. Expert Verlag, Renningen (2001)Elbers, F., Verheijen, E.: Railway noise technical measures catalogue, UIC report UIC003-01-04fe (2013)Oertli, J.: Combatting curve squeal, phase II, final report, UIC (2005)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M., Powell, W.: Local control of noise and vibration with KELTRACK™ friction modifier and protector® trackside application: an integrated solution. J. Sound Vib. 267(3), 761–772 (2003)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M.: Top-of-rail friction control for curve noise mitigation and corrugation rate reduction. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 747–757 (2006)Suda, Y., Iwasa, T., Komine, H., Tomeoka, M., Nakazawa, H., Matsumoto, K., Nakai, T., Tanimoto, M., Kishimoto, Y.: Development of onboard friction control. Wear 258(7), 1109–1114 (2005)Bühler, S., Thallemer, B.: How to avoid squeal noise on railways: state of the art and practical experience. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 406–411. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Jones, C.J.C., Thompson, D.J.: Rolling noise generated by railway wheels with visco-elastic layers. J. Sound Vib. 231(3), 779–790 (2000)Wetta, P., Demilly, F.: Reduction of wheel squeal noise generated on curves or during braking. In 11th International of Wheelset Congress, Paris (1995)Brunel, J.F., Dufrénoy, P., Demilly, F.: Modelling of squeal noise attenuation of ring damped wheels. Appl. Acoust. 65(5), 457–471 (2004)Marjani, S.R., Younesian, D.: Suppression of train wheel squeal noise by shunted piezoelectric elements. Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. (2016)Heckl, M.A., Huang, X.Y.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 3: active control. J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 709–735 (2000)Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J.C., Waters, T.P., Farrington, D.: A tuned damping device for reducing noise from railway track. Appl. Acoust. 68(1), 43–57 (2007)Jiang, J., Ying, I., Hanson, D., Anderson, D.C.: An investigation of the influence of track dynamics on curve noise. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 441–448. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Toward, M., Squicciarini, G., Thompson, D.J.: Reducing freight wagon noise at source. Int. Railway J. March, 47–49 (2015)Illingworth, R., Pollard, M.G.: The use of steering axle suspensions to reduce wheel and rail wear in curves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 196(1), 379–385 (1982)Garcia, J.F., Olaizola, X., Martin, L.M., Gimenez, J.G.: Theoretical comparison between different configurations of radial and conventional bogies. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 33(4), 233–259 (2000)Bruni, S., Goodall, R., Mei, T.X., Tsunashima, H.: Control and monitoring for railway vehicle dynamics. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 45(7–8), 743–779 (2007)Hiensch, M., Larsson, P.O., Nilsson, O., Levy, D., Kapoor, A., Franklin, F., Nielsen, J., Ringsberg, J., Josefson, L.: Two-material rail development: field test results regarding rolling contact fatigue and squeal noise behaviour. Wear 258(7), 964–972 (2005)Kopp, E.: Fünf Jahre Erfahrungen mit asymmetrisch geschliffenen Schienenprofilen. Eisenbahn Techn. Rundsch. 40, 665 (1991
Quantitative analysis of late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparison of diagnostic performance in myocardial fibrosis between gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine
The purpose of this study was to compare different semi-automated late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) quantification techniques using gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine contrast agents with regard to the diagnosis of fibrotic myocardium in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Thirty patients with HCM underwent two cardiac MRI protocols with use of gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine. Contrast-tonoise ratio (CNR) between LGE area and remote myocardium (CNRremote), between LGE area and left ventricular blood pool (CNRpool), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in LGE were compared. The presence and quantity of LGE were determined by visual assessment. With signal threshold versus reference mean (STRM) based thresholds of 2 SD, 5 SD, and 6 SD above the mean signal intensity (SI) of reference myocardium, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) technique was used. The volume and segments of the LGE area were compared between the two types of contrast agents. LGE was present in 26 of 30 (86.6%) patients in both protocols. The CNRremote of fibrotic myocardium in gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine agents was 26.82 ± 14.24 and 21.46 ± 10.59, respectively (P < 0.05). The CNRpool was significantly higher in gadobutrol (9.32 ± 7.64 vs. 6.39 ± 6.11, P < 0.05). The SNR was higher in gadobutrol (33.36 ± 14.35 vs. 27.53 ± 10.91, P < 0.05). The volume of scar size in MR images acquired with gadobutrol were significantly higher than those with gadopentetate dimeglumine (P < 0.05), and the STRM of 5 SD technique showed the greatest agreement with visual assessment (ICC = 0.99) in both examinations. There was no significant difference in fibrotic segments of the fibrotic myocardium in the LGE area (P < 0.05). This study proved that the Gadobutrol was an effective contrast agent for LGE imaging with superior delineation of fibrotic myocardium as compared to gadopentetate dimeglumine. The 5 SD technique yields the closest approximation of the extent of LGE identified by visual assessment
Looking through the 'window of opportunity': is there a new paradigm of podiatry care on the horizon in early rheumatoid arthritis?
Over the past decade there have been significant advances in the clinical understanding and care of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Major paradigm changes include earlier disease detection and introduction of therapy, and 'tight control' of follow-up driven by regular measurement of disease activity parameters. The advent of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and other biologic therapies have further revolutionised care. Low disease state and remission with prevention of joint damage and irreversible disability are achievable therapeutic goals. Consequently new opportunities exist for all health professionals to contribute towards these advances. For podiatrists relevant issues range from greater awareness of current concepts including early referral guidelines through to the application of specialist skills to manage localised, residual disease activity and associated functional impairments. Here we describe a new paradigm of podiatry care in early RA. This is driven by current evidence that indicates that even in low disease activity states destruction of foot joints may be progressive and associated with accumulating disability. The paradigm parallels the medical model comprising early detection, targeted therapy, a new concept of tight control of foot arthritis, and disease monitoring
The count of tender rather than swollen joints correlates with aortic stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
The impact of biologics and tofacitinib on cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in patients with rheumatic disease: a systematic literature review
Introduction Rheumatic diseases are autoimmune, inflammatory diseases often associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease, a major cause of mortality in these patients. In recent years, treatment with biologic and targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs, have become the standard of treatment. In this systematic literature review, we evaluated the effect of treatment with biologic or tofacitinib on the CV risk and outcomes in these patients. Methods A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for articles reporting on CV risk and events in patients with rheumatic disease treated with a biologic agent or tofacitinib. Articles identified were subjected to two levels of screening. Articles that passed the first level based on title and abstract were assessed on full-text evaluation. The quality of randomized clinical trials was assessed by Jadad scoring system and the quality of the other studies and abstracts was assessed using the Downs and Black instrument. The data extracted included study design, baseline patient characteristics, and measurements of CV risk and events. Results Of the 5722 articles identified in the initial search, screening yielded 105 unique publications from 90 unique studies (33 clinical trials, 39 prospective cohort studies, and an additional 18 retrospective studies) that reported CV risk outcomes. A risk of bias analysis for each type of report indicated that they were of good or excellent quality. Importantly, despite some limitations in data reported, there were no indications of significant increase in adverse CV events or risk in response to treatment with the agents evaluated. Conclusions Treatment with biologic or tofacitinib appears to be well-tolerated with respect to CV outcomes in these patients
- …