Housing Market Liquidity and the Effect on Unemployment in the United States: An Application to the U.S. Housing Market, Isolating Regional Housing Market Liquidity and the Associated Effect on Unemployment

This study proposes a measure of price spread between the bid (or the offer price from the buyer) and the ask (or the list price of the seller) in order to isolate the effect of housing market liquidity on unemployment. Housing market liquidity is defined as its impact on labor market equilibrium and unemployment at the state and regional levels. This proxy for housing market liquidity offers a more thorough measure of housing liquidity or market clearing ability compared with the current literature, which has relied on price or price changes alone as the primary measure of activity in the housing market. Price alone does not account for liquidity. Rather, the ratio between what a seller is asking and a buyer is willing to pay more clearly captures liquidity. The larger the price spread, the more illiquid the asset. This study provides facts consistent with the hypothesis that the housing market plays an essential role as a determinant of regional unemployment

Sub-lethal effects of waterborne exposure to copper nanoparticles compared to copper sulphate on the shore crab ( Carcinus maenas )

publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Sub-lethal effects of waterborne exposure to copper nanoparticles compared to copper sulphate on the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) journaltitle: Aquatic Toxicology articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.08.006 content_type: article copyright: © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Drivers’ perception of horizontal road marking with high retroreflectivity

Ryzyko wypadku w nocy na drogach nieoświetlonych jest znacznie wyższe niż na tych samych drogach w dzień. Odblaskowość poziomego oznakowania dróg jest jednym z czynników poprawiających bezpieczeństwo na takich drogach. Początkowa odblaskowość sięgająca 350 mcd/m2/lx jest uzyskiwana przy pomocy standardowych mikrokul szklanych. Na odcinku testowym zastosowano oznakowanie o bardzo wysokiej odblaskowości, sięgającej dzięki mikrokulom SolidPlus prawie 600 mcd/m2/lx a na mokro ponad 100 mcd/m2/lx. Badania ankietowe, mające na celu zbadanie zauważalności takiego oznakowania przeprowadzono wśród kierujących pojazdami, którzy w nocy podróżowali odcinkiem testowym. Spośród 156 respondentów, 64% kierujących zauważyło wprowadzenie oznakowania poziomego o zwiększonej odblaskowości. Najczęściej zauważały je osoby jeżdżące dużo i często, niezależnie od płci. Najprawdopodobniej w związku ze znacznie mniejszymi przejeżdżanymi dystansami, kobiety zauważały wyższą odblaskowość rzadziej (54%) niż mężczyźni (73%). Zwiększoną odblaskowość na mokro zauważyło aż 88% mężczyzn i 81% kobiet. Bardzo niewielu spośród respondentów było świadomych zwiększonego zagrożenia w czasie jazdy nocnej: tylko 20% mężczyzn i 25% kobiet uznało ryzyko w czasie jazdy nocnej jako wysokie lub bardzo wysokie, podczas gdy aż 52% mężczyzn i 30% kobiet uznało je za niewielkie lub żadne. Odpowiedzi te świadczą o niedostatecznej edukacji kierowców.Risk of an accident to occur on unlit roads after dark is significantly higher as compared to daytime. Retroreflectivity of horizontal road marking is one of the factors improving safety on such roads. The use of standard glass beads can provide markings with initial retroreflectivity of approximately 350 mcd/m2/lx. On a test stretch was applied marking with high retroreflectivity, reaching, due to the use of SolidPlus glass beads, almost 600 mcd/m2/lx and wet night visibility over 100 mcd/m2/lx. Questionnaires aiming at verification of noticeability of the markings with high retroreflection were administered to drivers who travelled through the test stretch at night. Amongst 156 respondents, 64% of drivers did notice increased retroreflectivity of the horizontal markings. Most frequently it was observed by people who travelled a lot and frequently, regardless of the sex of respondents. Due to the much shorter distances traveled, women noticed higher reflectivity less frequently (54%) than men (73%). High retroreflection under wet conditions observed 88% men and 81% women. Very few responders were aware of increased risks associated with night-time driving: only 20% of men and 25% of women recognised risk of driving at night as high or very high whereas 54% of men and 30% of women considered the risk as low or nil. These answers serve as an evidence for insufficient driver education

Production of phytases, cellulases and xylanases by selected filamentous fungi

W pracy przebadano dwanaście szczepów grzybów strzępkowych z rodzaju Aspergillus, Trichoderma i Rhizopus pod względem zdolności do biosyntezy fitaz oraz enzymów towarzyszących tj. celulaz i ksylanaz, w hodowlach wstrząsanych oraz SSF, w obecności zmielonej fasoli, skrobi kukurydzianej, rzepaku oraz mąki sojowej jako źródeł węgla. Jedenaście szczepów było zdolnych do biosyntezy fitaz, wykazano jednak znaczne zróżnicowanie poziomu aktywności w zależności od źródła węgla w pożywce. Najefektywniejszym źródłem węgla do syntezy tych enzymów była zmielona fasola oraz skrobia kukurydziana. Największymi uzdolnieniami do biosyntezy fitaz charakteryzowały się szczepy Aspergillus niger 551 (34,56 nKat g⁻¹) oraz Aspergillus cervinus (31,85 nKat g⁻¹). W hodowlach prowadzonych w systemie SSF na zmielonej fasoli z udziałem obu szczepów uzyskano zwiększenie aktywności właściwej fitaz w porównaniu z hodowlą wgłębną. Enzymy towarzyszące, tj. celulazy i ksylanazy, w tych warunkach hodowlanych wytwarzane były na niskim poziomie.Capability of twelve moulds strain represented three different species: Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Rhizopus to biosynthesis of phytase and cellulase and xylanase as society enzymes in shaking cultures and SSF in present of milled been, corn starch, rape-seed and soy-flour, as a carbon source. Eleven strains was able to phytase biosyntesis, by there was a very intensive differences in enzyme activity, common with carbon source in medium. Milled been was the most effective to produce this enzymes, but also corn starch. The highest activity we observed for Aspergillus niger 551 (34,56 nKat·g⁻¹) and Aspergillus cervinus (31,85 nKat·g⁻¹). In SSF cultures on milled been the biosyntesis of phytase was much more effective that previously culture. Society enzymes, such as cellulase and xylanase in proposal media were biosynthesing on very low level

Zastosowanie grzybów Trichoderma do uwalniania cukrów prostych z roślinnych surowców odpadowych

The aim of the presented work was to examine the applicability of selected agri-food industry waste materials as substrates for microbial hydrolytic enzymes biosynthesis (mostly celulases, xylanases and poligalacturonases) as well as to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of mono- and disaccharides released from non-starch polysaccharides. (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, cellobiose, etc). Two strains of Trichoderma fungi were tested: T. citrinoviride C1 and T. harzianum T33 in SSF culture on six different waste materials from agro-food industries (pulp from: cherries with seeds, pears, red cabbage, cornelian cherry and grapes with seeds).W pracy przedstawiono ocenę możliwości zagospodarowania wybranych odpadów przemysłu rolno-spożywczego jako substratu do mikrobiologicznej biosyntezy enzymów hydrolitycznych (głównie celulaz, ksylanaz i poligalakturonaz) a także, określenie składu ilościowego i jakościowego uwalnianych z polisacharydów nieskrobiowych mono- i disacharydów (sacharozy, glukozy, galaktoza, fruktozy, celobiozy itd). Testowano dwa szczepy grzybów z rodzaju Trichoderma: T. citri-noviride C1 i T. harzianum T33 w hodowlach SSF na sześciu różnych surowcach pochodzących z przemysłu rolno-spożywczego (wytłoki z: wiśni z pestkami, gruszki, czerwonej kapusty, derenia, winogron z pestkami)

How Do Women React to the COVID-19 Pandemic Period? Relationship Between Ego-Resiliency, Anxiety, Alcohol Consumption and Aggression Among Polish Women

Szymon Florek,1,* Magdalena Piegza,2,* Paweł Dębski,2,3,* Piotr Gorczyca,2,* Robert Pudlo1,* 1Department of Psychoprophylaxis, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; 2Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; 3Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Humanitas University in Sosnowiec, Sosnowiec, Poland*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Szymon Florek, Email [email protected]: There are many reports in the literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, including the condition of women. Most of these studies refer to a single time point, while there is a lack of studies controlling for selected parameters during different periods of the pandemic. This work aimed to determine the role of ego-resiliency in women’s adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic.Patients and Methods: The survey was conducted in two stages - all via online forms. A total of 762 Polish women took part in the overall project. The scales used in the study were the Ego-resiliency scale (ER89-R12), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Scale (GAD-7), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 13.3.Results: Women participating in the second study had significantly lower scores on ego-resilience and its components compared to the first study. In the first research, ego-resiliency and optimal regulation were statistically significantly correlated with anxiety, alcohol consumption, generalised aggression, verbal aggression and hostility, while openness to life experiences was correlated with alcohol consumption and hostility. The second part of the project highlighted new significant correlations between ego-resiliency and optimal regulation and physical aggression and anger, but a non-significant correlation of these variables with alcohol consumption. The effect of openness to life experiences on alcohol consumption and anxiety, evident in the first study, was no longer present in the second part of the study.Conclusion: The lack of a significant effect of openness to life experience on alcohol consumption, lower ego-resiliency and optimal regulation scores are observed in the second part of the research, which might be an expression of adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ego-resiliency is a protective factor against aggression, while optimal regulation against anxiety among Polish women.Keywords: COVID-19, women, resiliency, adaptation, anxiety, aggressio

Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Their Relationships with Ego-Resiliency and Life Satisfaction among Well-Educated, Young Polish Citizens during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ego-resiliency is a set of traits that promotes positive adaptation to life’s vicissitudes. High ego-resiliency helps in upholding one’s personality system when facing adversity and in adjusting it to new environmental demands. Our study aimed at evaluating the connections between ego-resiliency, the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. A total of 604 Polish citizens aged 16 to 69 years participated in the online survey. Ego-resiliency was measured with the Ego Resiliency Scale (ER89-R12), anxiety and depression with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and life satisfaction with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Statistical analyses were performed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The results revealed correlations between the intensity of depressive and anxiety symptoms, life satisfaction, and the intensity of ego-resiliency. Individuals with a high level of ego-resiliency tended to experience a lower intensity of anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, individuals with a high level of ego-resiliency exhibited a higher level of life satisfaction. Our conclusions might assist in better understanding the close link between levels of ego-resiliency, the occurrence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and satisfaction with life among Polish individuals experiencing crises