ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, AND CYTOTOXICITY EVALUATION OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA (ROXB. EX DC.) WIGHT AND ARN

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant prospective of Terminalia arjuna (leaves). The most activeextracts were examined for their chemical composition and cytotoxicity.Methods: The antibacterial activity of five different extracts were examined against 8 bacterial strains (5 Gram-positive and 3 Gram-negative) usingresazurin-based microtiter dilution assay (RMDA) and disk-diffusion assay. The antioxidant potential of five extracts was demonstrated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Chemical composition and cytotoxicity were assessed using gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and hemolytic assay, respectively.Results: According to RMDA, the acetone extract (AE) exhibited highest antibacterial activity. The AE showed highest activity against Salmonellaenterica ser. typhi and Bacillus cereus with minimum inhibitory concentration, i.e., 195.31 μg/ml. In DPPH assay, AE showed the highest radicalscavenging activity with inhibition concentration50 23.09 μg/ml. In GC-MS analysis, the principal compound in AE was celidoniol (8.72 %). Accordingto the results of hemolytic assay, the AE showed non-toxic behavior upto 500 μg/ml.Conclusion: The present investigation represents T. arjuna as an incredible herb. The AE was found to possess promising antibacterial and antioxidantproperties.Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Terminalia arjuna, Chemical composition, Cytotoxicity

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXICITY ANALYSIS OF BLUMEA LACERA (BURM. F.) DC

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant potential of B. lacera (leaves). The most active extracts were examined for their chemical composition and cytotoxicity.Methods: The antibacterial activity of five different extracts were examined against 8 bacterial strains (5 Gram-positive and 3 Gram-negative) using resazurin based microtitre dilution assay (RMDA) and disk diffusion assay (DDA). The antioxidant activity of extracts was demonstrated by using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Chemical composition and cytotoxicity were assessed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and haemolytic assay, respectively.Results: According to RMDA, the petroleum ether extract (PEE) and chloroform extract (CE) exhibited highest antibacterial activity. The PEE showed highest activity against Salmonella enterica ser. typhi and Serratia marcescens with MIC i.e. 390.62 μg/ml. Similarly, the CE showed highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus with MIC i.e. 390.62 μg/ml. In DPPH assay, CE showed the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 57.46 µg/ml. In GCMS analysis, the principal compounds in PEE and CE were stigmasterol (12.86 %) and L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (11.73 %), respectively. In haemolytic assay, the PEE and CE showed non-toxic behaviour up to 125 µg/ml and 500 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The present investigation represents B. lacera as an incredible herb. The PEE and CE were found to possess promising antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The CE exhibited lesser toxicity as compared with PEE

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LAMOTRIGINE BASED SELF-NANO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Self-nanoemulsionof Lamotrigine (LMT), an anti-epileptic agent, having poor solubilty was formulated to improve the solubility and permeation. Co surfactant like Ethyl Oleate, Caprylate, Eucalyptus oil, Caprylic, Corn oil, Capmule, Fish oil, Coconut oil whereas PEG 400 and Propylene glycol to form the oil phase was selected as the oil. Seven trials were done using combination of sufactants/co-surfactants with oil phase . Trial H containing Caprylate as oil phase at Smix1:1(Tween20/PEG400, 1:1) proportion and trial I, the oil phase [Caprylate] composition was changed from Smix 1:1 to Smix (Tween20/PEG400, 1:2) formulated as SNEDDs and phase diagram shows 1:1 system is suitable for formulation . Aqueous dilution test shows that it is found for 3 hour gradually turbid on staying. Since it immediately dissolve the drug as a result of solubilisation effect of surfactant present in formulation. Stability study was carried out at 25o C/ 75 Rh. In this method no change in consistency, Colour or appearance has been observed. In vitro drug release was found to be identical in the formulations stored before after placed on stability. It appeared that the formulation of the selected batches kept on the stability test was found to be stable. In accelerated stability evaluation showed that Self nano-emulsion follows 1st order kinetic and found to be stabl

Performance of Exports, Investment and Employment under Special Economic Zones in India

In the present study, an attempt is made to study the current status of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and analyse the performance of exports, investment and employment generation under SEZs in India. The study is based on the secondary data that has been taken from the period of 2006-07 to 2020-21. The results of the study reveals that there are 265 SEZs in India are in operation as on 31 January, 2021. SEZs have attracted a huge amount of investment and provide the large employment opportunities to the peoples that helps in the poverty reduction in India. In brief, the study reveals that SEZs have playing an important role in attracting the foreign direct investment (FDI) and employment generation in the country

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CROP INSURANCE SCHEMES IN HARYANA

Agriculture sector performs a vital role in developing the Indian economy and it can be considered the backbone of the industry and service sector. Agriculture sector still depends upon the weather and climate conditions, which is always uncertain and unpredictable. Crop insurance is one of the ways through which the farmers may be protected from the financial loss of their crops against the natural disasters. The study is an attempt to assess the performance of the crop insurance schemes implemented in Haryana. Economic survey of Haryana and the annual reports of the Agriculture Insurance Company (AIC) for several periods were examined. The result of the study indicates that only few schemes are implemented in the Haryana in comparison to other states of India. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana performs better continuously and proves beneficial for the farmers of Haryana. As a policy implication, policymaker should frame a provision of no claim bonus for the farmers to encourage them towards crop insurance scheme

Nafion®-bound carbon electrodes containing transitionmetal phthalocyanines for oxygen reduction in solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cells

Catalytic activities of some transition metal-phthalocyanine complexes towards electroreduction of molecular oxygen are examined on Nafion®-bound and bare porous carbon electrodes in 2.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. It is found that these metal complexes exhibit better catalytic activities towards oxygen reduction with the Nafion®-bound electrodes

Metal phthalocyanines as electrocatalysts for redox reactions

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Nafion-bound carbon electrodes containing transitionmetal phthalocyanines for oxygen reduction in solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cells

Catalytic activities of some transition metal-phthalocyanine complexes towards electroreduction of molecular oxygen are examined on Nafion-bound and bare porous carbon electrodes in 2.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. It is found that these metal complexes exhibit better catalytic activities towards oxygen reduction with the Nafion-bound electrodes

Multivariate Analysis in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Yield and Attributing Traits under Soil Salinity and Alkalinity in Haryana

Salt-affected soils could be used by improving and developing salt-tolerant genotypes depending upon the amount of genetic variation and salt stress response of adapted and donor sources of wheat. Salt stress affects 20% of global cultivable land and is increasing continuously owing to the change in climate and anthropogenic activities. Globally, saline soils cover 3.1% i.e. 397 mha of the total land area and around 6.74 mha area of India is affected due to salinity. Salinity stress negatively affects the growth and development of wheat leading to low grain yield and quality. A station varietal trial was conducted to identify salt-tolerant genotypes, wherein 24 genotypes including 4 checks, namely, KRL 19, WH 157, KRL 210 and KRL 283 were evaluated in 6 replications in 4.0 m x 1.20 m in RBD under natural saline patch (pH 8.5, ECe 4.2 dsm-1) at Research area of Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Department of Soil Science (pH 8.5, ECe 4.5 dsm-1), CCS HAU, Hisar during Rabi 2021-22. Observations were recorded for germination (%), days to heading, days to maturity, plant height (cm), tillers per meter row, 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield per plot (g/plot) and hectoliter weight (kg/hl). High positive correlation has been observed for 1000-GW (g) with GY/P (g/plot), PH (cm) with hectoliter weight (kg/hl). Non-significant correlation was observed between days to heading and germination with plant height and hectoliter weight. Clustering of genotypes based on Ward’s Euclidean method was done so that identical genotypes may grouped together; 24 genotypes were grouped into three distinct clusters. Hectolitre weight (kg/hl) expressed as point of dissection of studied traits as GY/P (g/plot), 1000-GW (g), DM and PH (cm) falls at one side and germination (%), DH and T/meter row lies at another side. Entries, namely, WH 1313 (59.6 q/ha), WH 1306 (54.9 q/ha) and WH 1309 (52.9 q/ha) performed better and found significantly superior to the best check WH 157 (43.5+8.2 q/ha) at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding. P 13582 (61.6 q/ha), P 13650 (62.1 q/ha) performed better and found significantly superior to best check KRL 283 (46.4+13.7 q/ha) at Department of Soil Sciences. Identification of wheat genotypes based on simultaneous selection among contributing traits will improve grain yield. Stable and promising genotypes may be included in breeding program aimed to develop salt tolerant varieties at state and national level to ensure nutritional food security