36,484 research outputs found
A Low Noise Receiver for Submillimeter Astronomy
A broadband, low noise heterodyne receiver, suitable for astronomical use, has been built using a Pb alloy superconducting tunnel junction (SIS). The RF coupling is quasioptical via a bowtie antenna on a quartz lens and is accomplished without any tuning elements. In its preliminary version the double sideband receiver noise temperature rises from 205 K at 116 GHz to 815 K at 466 GHz. This is the most sensitive broadband receiver yet reported for sub-mm wavelengths. Its multi-octave sensitivity and low local oscillator power requirements make this receiver ideal for remote ground observatories or space-borne telescopes such as NASA's Large Deployable Reflector. A version of this receiver is now being built for NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory
Quantum state preparation in semiconductor dots by adiabatic rapid passage
Preparation of a specific quantum state is a required step for a variety of
proposed practical uses of quantum dynamics. We report an experimental
demonstration of optical quantum state preparation in a semiconductor quantum
dot with electrical readout, which contrasts with earlier work based on Rabi
flopping in that the method is robust with respect to variation in the optical
coupling. We use adiabatic rapid passage, which is capable of inverting single
dots to a specified upper level. We demonstrate that when the pulse power
exceeds a threshold for inversion, the final state is independent of power.
This provides a new tool for preparing quantum states in semiconductor dots and
has a wide range of potential uses.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Grain Survival in Supernova Remnants and Herbig-Haro Objects
By using the flux ratio [FeII]8617/[OI]6300, we demonstrate that most of the
interstellar dust grains survive in shocks associated with supernova remnants
and Herbig-Haro objects. The [FeII]/[OI] flux ratio is sensitive to the
gas-phase Fe/O abundance ratio, but is insensitive to the ionization state,
temperature, and density of the gas. We calculate the [FeII]/[OI] flux ratio in
shocks, and compare the results with the observational data. When only 20% of
iron is in the gas phase, the models reproduce most successfully the
observations. This finding is in conflict with the current consensus that
shocks destroy almost all the grains and 100% of metals are in the gas phase.
We comment on previous works on grain destruction, and discuss why grains are
not destroyed in shocks.Comment: 8 pages (AASTex v5.0), 3 figures. To be published in ApJ Letters
(accepted 3/10/2000
A Physical Model for SN 2001ay, a normal, bright, extremely slowly declining Type Ia supernova
We present a study of the peculiar Type Ia supernova 2001ay (SN 2001ay). The
defining features of its peculiarity are: high velocity, broad lines, and a
fast rising light curve, combined with the slowest known rate of decline. It is
one magnitude dimmer than would be predicted from its observed value of
Delta-m15, and shows broad spectral features. We base our analysis on detailed
calculations for the explosion, light curves, and spectra. We demonstrate that
consistency is key for both validating the models and probing the underlying
physics. We show that this SN can be understood within the physics underlying
the Delta-m15 relation, and in the framework of pulsating delayed detonation
models originating from a Chandrasekhar mass, white dwarf, but with a
progenitor core composed of 80% carbon. We suggest a possible scenario for
stellar evolution which leads to such a progenitor. We show that the unusual
light curve decline can be understood with the same physics as has been used to
understand the Delta-m15 relation for normal SNe Ia. The decline relation can
be explained by a combination of the temperature dependence of the opacity and
excess or deficit of the peak luminosity, alpha, measured relative to the
instantaneous rate of radiative decay energy generation. What differentiates SN
2001ay from normal SNe Ia is a higher explosion energy which leads to a shift
of the Ni56 distribution towards higher velocity and alpha < 1. This result is
responsible for the fast rise and slow decline. We define a class of SN
2001ay-like SNe Ia, which will show an anti-Phillips relation.Comment: 35 pages, 14 figures, ApJ, in pres
Nonlinear Transport Near a Quantum Phase Transition in Two Dimensions
The problem of non-linear transport near a quantum phase transition is solved
within the Landau theory for the dissipative insulator-superconductor phase
transition in two dimensions. Using the non-equilibrium Schwinger round-trip
Green function formalism, we obtain the scaling function for the non-linear
conductivity in the quantum disordered regime. We find that the conductivity
scales as at low field but crosses over at large fields to a universal
constant on the order of . The crossover between these two regimes
obtains when the length scale for the quantum fluctuations becomes comparable
to that of the electric field within logarithmic accuracy.Comment: 4.15 pages, no figure
VLA OH and H I Zeeman Observations of the NGC 6334 Complex
We present OH and H I Zeeman observations of the NGC 6334 complex taken with
the Very Large Array. The OH absorption profiles associated with the complex
are relatively narrow (del-v_FWHM ~ 3 km s^1) and single-peaked over most of
the sources. The H I absorption profiles contain several blended velocity
components. One of the compact continuum sources in the complex (source A) has
a bipolar morphology. The OH absorption profiles toward this source display a
gradient in velocity from the northern continuum lobe to the southern continuum
lobe; this velocity gradient likely indicates a bipolar outflow of molecular
gas from the central regions to the northern and southern lobes. Magnetic
fields of the order of 200 microG have been detected toward three discrete
continuum sources in the complex. Virial estimates suggest that the detected
magnetic fields in these sources are of the same order as the critical magnetic
fields required to support the molecular clouds associated with the sources
against gravitational collapse.Comment: 14 pages, 9 postscript figures, accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journal (ApJ), tentatively scheduled for vol. 533, Apr. 20,
2000; also available at
http://www.pa.uky.edu/~sarma/RESEARCH/aps_research.htm
Fatigue crack initiation and small crack growth in several airframe alloys
The growth of naturally-initiated small cracks under a variety of constant amplitude and variable amplitude load sequences is examined for several airframe materials: the conventional aluminum alloys, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6, the aluminum-lithium alloy, 2090-T8E41, and 4340 steel. Loading conditions investigated include constant amplitude loading at R = 0.5, 0, -1 and -2 and the variable amplitude sequences FALSTAFF, Mini-TWIST and FELIX/28. Crack growth was measured at the root of semicircular edge notches using acetate replicas. Crack growth rates are compared on a stress intensity factor basis, to those for large cracks to evaluate the extent of the small crack effect in each alloy. In addition, the various alloys are compared on a crack initiation and crack growth morphology basis
Positron Escape from Type Ia Supernovae
We generate bolometric light curves for a variety of type Ia supernova models
at late times, simulating gamma-ray and positron transport for various
assumptions about the magnetic field and ionization of the ejecta. These
calculated light curve shapes are compared with light curves of specific
supernovae for which there have been adequate late observations. %The selection
of models is generally not based upon the %ability to fit the late
observations, but rather because the %model has been demonstrated by other
authors to approximate the spectra %and early light curves of that specific SN.
From these comparisons we draw two conclusions: whether a suggested model is
an acceptable approximation of a particular event, and, given that it is, the
magnetic field characteristics and degree of ionization that are most
consistent with the observed light curve shape. For the ten SNe included in
this study, five strongly suggest Co positron escape as would be
permitted by a weak or radially-combed magnetic field. Of the remaining five
SNe, none clearly show the upturned light curve expected for positron trapping
in a strong, tangled magnetic field. Chandrasekhar mass models can explain
normally, sub-, and super- luminous supernova light curves; sub-Chandrasekhar
mass models have difficulties with sub- (and potentially normally) luminous
SNe. An estimate of the galactic positron production rate from type Ia SNe is
compared with gamma-ray observations of Galactic 511 keV annihilation
radiation. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of correctly treating the
positron transport for calculations of spectra, or any properties, of type Ia
SNe at late epochs ( 200 d).Comment: 82 pages including 25 figure
The usefulness of feedback
Feedback can occur before and after assessment submission, but needs to be useful in order for students to improve their subsequent performance. Arguably, undergraduate students, and particularly international, online and new students, are especially in need of feedback to effectively engage in academic and disciplinary expectations. Therefore, this article draws on survey data from students, disaggregated by mode of study, citizenship of enrolment and year of study, to explore their experiences of feedback usefulness both before and after assessment submission. Overall, undergraduate students were positive; however, this perception decreased according to their year level. Comparisons between online and international students also revealed key differences. A conclusion is that undergraduate students cannot be treated homogeneously, and educators need to attend to the feedback experiences of different student groups as they progress through their programme
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