Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: Interventions to counteract the 'anabolic resistance' of ageing

Age-related muscle wasting (sarcopenia) is accompanied by a loss of strength which can compromise the functional abilities of the elderly. Muscle proteins are in a dynamic equilibrium between their respective rates of synthesis and breakdown. It has been suggested that age-related sarcopenia is due to: i) elevated basal-fasted rates of muscle protein breakdown, ii) a reduction in basal muscle protein synthesis (MPS), or iii) a combination of the two factors. However, basal rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown are unchanged with advancing healthy age. Instead, it appears that the muscles of the elderly are resistant to normally robust anabolic stimuli such as amino acids and resistance exercise. Ageing muscle is less sensitive to lower doses of amino acids than the young and may require higher quantities of protein to acutely stimulate equivalent muscle protein synthesis above rest and accrue muscle proteins. With regard to dietary protein recommendations, emerging evidence suggests that the elderly may need to distribute protein intake evenly throughout the day, so as to promote an optimal per meal stimulation of MPS. The branched-chain amino acid leucine is thought to play a central role in mediating mRNA translation for MPS, and the elderly should ensure sufficient leucine is provided with dietary protein intake. With regards to physical activity, lower, than previously realized, intensity high-volume resistance exercise can stimulate a robust muscle protein synthetic response similar to traditional high-intensity low volume training, which may be beneficial for older adults. Resistance exercise combined with amino acid ingestion elicits the greatest anabolic response and may assist elderly in producing a 'youthful' muscle protein synthetic response provided sufficient protein is ingested following exercise

Effect of Different Types of Physical Activity on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults : Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Peer reviewedPostprin

Tell It Like It Is - Sellers\u27 Duties of Disclosure in Real Estate Transactions Under California Law

California has long been on the cutting edge of the law, often presaging national legal trends. It is no surprise, therefore, that California was among the first states to abandon the rule of caveat emptor in real estate transactions, enacting numerous statutes that provide a buyer with sufficient information to make a reasoned judgment in buying property. Sellers often run afoul of these laws, however, because they are unaware of the nature and extent of the duties imposed upon them. California real estate practitioners know that their state law imposes stringent duties of disclosure on sellers of real property, particularly in the sale of residential property. However, as evidenced by the amount of litigation alleging inadequate disclosure, the satisfaction of those duties is often misunderstood. This article examines those duties of disclosure. Part II addresses the statutorily-imposed duties, and Part III discusses the general common law duty of disclosure. Part IV notes several actions of the buyer that may ameliorate the seller\u27s liability. Part V examines the exception created for trustee\u27s sales. The article concludes in Part VI with recommendations for the real estate practitioner

Cognitive vs Chronological Age as Barriers to Using Wearable Activity Monitors in Older Adults

Despite widespread availability, the use of smart devices is still very limited among seniors who could benefit from adopting these systems. This research-in-progress study draws on the theory of aging and subjective assessments of health, as well as information systems adoption literature to propose a theoretical model to explore the effects of older adults’ cognitive age on their disability perceptions which can influence their adoption of smart devices. The results will be achieved using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Potential contributions from this research to theory and practice are also outlined

Growing older with health and vitality: a nexus of physical activity, exercise and nutrition

The preservation of skeletal muscle mass and strength with advancing age are, we propose, critical aspects of ageing with health and vitality. Physical inactivity and poor nutrition are known to accelerate the gradual age-related decline in muscle mass and strength—sarcopenia—however, both are subject to modification. The main purpose of this review is to present the latest, evidence-based recommendations for physical activity and exercise, as well as diet for older adults that would help in preserving muscle mass and strength. We take the position that future physical activity/exercise guidelines need to make specific reference to resistance exercise and highlight the benefits of higher-intensity aerobic exercise training, alongside advocating older adults perform aerobic-based physical activity and household tasks (e.g.,carrying groceries). In terms of dietary recommendations, greater emphasis should be placed onoptimalrather thanminimumprotein intakes for older adults. Indeed, guidelines that endorse a daily protein intake of 1.2–1.5g/kg BM/day, which are levels 50–90% greater than the current protein Recommendation Dietary Allowance (0.8g/kg BM/day), are likely to help preserve muscle mass and strength and are safe for healthy older adults. Being cognisant of factors (e.g., reduced appetite) that may preclude older adults from increasing their total daily protein intake, we echo the viewpoint of other active researchers in advocating that protein recommendations for older adults be based on a per meal approach in order to maximize muscle protein synthesis (MPS). On this basis, assuming three meals are consumed daily, a protein dose of 0.4–0.5g/kg BM should be contained in each meal. We are beginning to understand ways in which to increase the utilization of ingested protein for the stimulation of MPS, namely by increasing the proportion of leucine contained in a given dose of protein, co-ingesting other nutrients (e.g., carbohydrate and fat or supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) or being physically active prior to protein intake. Clearly, developing simple lifestyle interventions targeted at preserving muscle mass and strength with advancing age is crucial for facilitating longer, healthier lives into older age