Life-forms and biological spectra of the flora of Bacon\u27s swamp, Indiana

During the nineteenth and the first part of the twentieth century no detailed statistical studies of vegetation in relation to climate had been devised. The work relating to the two was broad, general and superficial. Climatic formations of the world had been described and classified by plant geographers and early ecologists, as Schimper, Warming, Cowles and others. Work was done classifying regions as xerophytic, mesophytic or hydrophytic, but no methods had been published giving means of ascertaining in more detail the degree of xerophytism, mesophytism or hydrophytism. In 1909, C. Raunkiaer, of Copenhagen, Denmark, published a paper on Life-Forms and Statistical Methods. This work concerned methods which the author had devised to measure the total climatic influences on plants by means of the plants themselves. It was an effort to apply quantitative methods to plants and to classify them as to life-form. The factor selected by Raunkiaer was the adaptation of plants to the critical season as indicated by the degree and nature of the protection afforded dormant perennating buds. Raunkiaer, in addition to his theory, classified four hundred plants carefully selected from the entire world, fitting each into its proper life-form (as based on the protection of the perennating bud), and called the percentages of the groups of growth forms a world normal biological spectrum. Raunkiaer state that a count of the different kinds of plants according to his classification would indicate the nature of the habitat and give a biological spectrum for it

Interrelationship of nitrogen and photo-period on the flowering, growth, and stem anatomy of certain long day and short day plants

The relation of nitrogen to the flowering and fruitfulness of plants has been subject of extended investigation by many workers. That nitrogen nutrition is intimately related to flower and fruit formation is generally agreed upon, but the various experiments show that apparently the type of responses obtained are not entirely consistent

The Evolution of a Structured Writing Accountability Group (SWAG)

In this Friday Forum, Professors Chas. Phillips (Political Science), Alice Brawley Newlin (Management), and Patturaja Selvaraj (Management) will cover two key aspects of their ongoing Structured Writing Accountability Group (SWAG). First, we\u27ll talk about we have varied the structure of the SWAG since Summer 2018, including our celebratory end-of-year conference in 2019 which was sponsored through the generosity of the Provost’s Office grants for Faculty Reading/Writing Groups. Second, we\u27ll briefly highlight the projects and products we have accomplished through our SWAG. Though the principles of the SWAG are simple, participating in this group has greatly enhanced the rate and quality of our research outputs. We hope to share with others how the structure has been successful for us in order to inspire others to develop their own SWAGs. We look forward to interdisciplinary discussions of ways to modify and improve SWAGs\u27 success

Learning to Share Rome Responsibilities in a Selected Group of Families

Home Economics Educatio

Quotas as a Path to Parity: Challenges to Women's Participation in Politics

The promise of democratic equality has not arrived for women. In all societies said to be democratic, women have had an arduous struggle and are still fighting for access to rights common to any male citizen, for example an equal salary for equal work, promotion opportunities, the right to physical integrity, and access to work. Gaining the right to vote and the right to run for office as elected representatives has not in practice meant the right to be elected under the same conditions as men (Petit 2007). In the immense majority of representative democracies, women are far from having won political equality. The huge difficulty that women face in being elected places in check the democratic commitment of societies who claim to be democracies. It also raises questions about the gap between the normative discourse on equality that exists in the majority of constitutional texts, in which the formal inclusion of women is explicitly stated, and the realities of women's continued political exclusion. In this article, I reflect on the implications of debates about seeking parity of political representation as a means of achieving formal equality between women and men in the political arena, and the use of quotas as an instrument of achieving this

The Upper Domatic Number of a Graph

Let (Formula presented.) be a graph. For two disjoint sets of vertices (Formula presented.) and (Formula presented.), set (Formula presented.) dominates set (Formula presented.) if every vertex in (Formula presented.) is adjacent to at least one vertex in (Formula presented.). In this paper we introduce the upper domatic number (Formula presented.), which equals the maximum order (Formula presented.) of a vertex partition (Formula presented.) such that for every (Formula presented.), (Formula presented.), either (Formula presented.) dominates (Formula presented.) or (Formula presented.) dominates (Formula presented.), or both. We study properties of the upper domatic number of a graph, determine bounds on (Formula presented.), and compare (Formula presented.) to a related parameter, the transitivity (Formula presented.) of (Formula presented.)