Conversations with a Dead Man: The Legacy of Duncan Campbell Scott by Mark Abley

This review explores Mark Abley\u27s book on the legacy of Duncan Campbell Scott, the poet/bureaucrat responsible for the development and implementation of Canada\u27s failed residential schools policy for indigenous children. The book places Scott in the context of his time while examining the results of his agency\u27s policies

Constitutional Protection for Non-Media Defendants: Should There Be a Distinction Between You and Larry King?

This Comment considers the current law, contemplates the rapid growth of technology and proposes an answer to the following two questions: Should there be a distinction between media and nonmedia defendants? If so, who should be offered more protection: You or Larry King? To answer these questions, Part I summarizes traditional and current defamation law and the First Amendment protections that have been meted out by the courts. Part II discusses the court decisions that have noted whether a distinction between media and nonmedia defendants is meritorious and critiques those conclusions in light of the development of defamation law. Part III addresses the evolution of the media by comparing early defamation actions with the current circumstances facing American society, where newspapers are fading away and the internet is on the rise. Additionally, this subsection explains the necessity of defining the word media, and theorizes how the courts might do so in light of the rapid growth of technology. Finally, Part IV contemplates whether there should be a distinction between media and nonmedia defendants, explains the benefits and downfalls of each approach, and predicts what may happen in the future given that the ability to communicate defamatory statements now takes mere seconds and has a potentially globalized effect

Chondroitin sulphate : a candidate modulator of urothelial barrier formation and reconstitution following injury

Chondroitin sulphate (CS) has been described as contributing to the barrier function of the urothelium by forming a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer. It has been suggested that a defect in this layer contributes to chronic inflammatory uropathies, and this forms the basis of medical device therapies purported to replace the GAG layer. A review of the literature questioned the evidence supporting these claims. This thesis set out to formulate a reproducible damage model using differentiated normal human urothelial (NHU) cells in vitro. Techniques employed to introduce damage included physical damage by scratch wounding, chemical damage using ketamine and hypoxia. Barrier formation and damage was assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) across differentiated cells. The role of CS on barrier formation and restitution following injury was assessed by TEER studies. Assessment of the presence of CS on the luminal surface of the urothelium in situ was carried out by immunohistochemistry. Damage by scratch wound resulted in a loss of TEER that repaired within 22 hours. Ketamine had a toxic effect on the cell cultures. Hypoxia produced a reproducible defect in barrier resistance. Cell cultures exposed to CS during differentiation formed a tighter maximum barrier compared to controls however, when CS was added to the medium following hypoxic injury there was no difference to barrier restitution. Immunohistochemical studies failed to demonstrate the presence of CS apart from in the stroma. It is concluded that CS is not present on the urothelial surface and has no effect on barrier function in the diseased model. In a NHU culture model there is evidence that the maximum barrier is higher with CS. Evidence from this research supports clinical studies which have only demonstrated a placebo effect of CS. Future work should investigate mode of action of CS and other GAGs on NHU cells in culture

Constitutional Protection for Non-Media Defendants: Should There Be a Distinction Between You and Larry King?

This Comment considers the current law, contemplates the rapid growth of technology and proposes an answer to the following two questions: Should there be a distinction between media and nonmedia defendants? If so, who should be offered more protection: You or Larry King? To answer these questions, Part I summarizes traditional and current defamation law and the First Amendment protections that have been meted out by the courts. Part II discusses the court decisions that have noted whether a distinction between media and nonmedia defendants is meritorious and critiques those conclusions in light of the development of defamation law. Part III addresses the evolution of the media by comparing early defamation actions with the current circumstances facing American society, where newspapers are fading away and the internet is on the rise. Additionally, this subsection explains the necessity of defining the word media, and theorizes how the courts might do so in light of the rapid growth of technology. Finally, Part IV contemplates whether there should be a distinction between media and nonmedia defendants, explains the benefits and downfalls of each approach, and predicts what may happen in the future given that the ability to communicate defamatory statements now takes mere seconds and has a potentially globalized effect

Multi-species space use by marine predators: defining biodiversity ‘hotspots’ in the marine realm

Anthropogenic change of ecosystems has led to wide-scale changes in biodiversity globally, with declines across terrestrial, freshwater and marine realms. Global concern about the increasing anthropogenic impact on biodiversity has driven intense research into the drivers and consequences of change, alongside rapidly moving international policy and conservation development. Quantifying critical marine habitats is vital for protecting remaining biodiversity, and understanding areas of increased coexistence or biodiversity hotspots is particularly important if management and conservation methods continue to focus on spatial approaches (such as marine protected areas). A key challenge in biogeography is to understand and predict the potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity, therefore identifying the environmental drivers that may impact richness may provide insight into future species richness patterns. Studies have highlighted the difficulty in mapping biodiversity at a large scale due to patchy data coverage, and this is further intensified using a particularly cryptic set of species that inhabit and spend much of their life beneath the surface. Top marine predators have essential ecological roles as ecosystem engineers and amplify trophic information across multiple spatiotemporal scales and have been identified as sentinel species which can exhibit clear responses to environmental variability and ecosystem health. However quantitative maps of marine predator coexistence are lacking, with the collection of new standardised data expensive, time-consuming and often focused on small-scale local studies.This thesis utilises large available historical datasets to address this critical research gap in mapping the biodiversity of top marine predators across multiple taxa, around the UK. Chapter 2 summarises available data around the UK, which can be used to ascertain the status of the information available. This is useful for a wide range of stakeholders who are often under time pressure, under-resourced and trying to be proactive in a fast-paced legislative environment. It demonstrates available data exists to maximise temporal and spatial coverage of such a large-scale area, for large-scale research questions.However, it is well-known that databases have inherent biases due to heterogeneousdata sources and lack of standardisation. Chapter 3 adapts a well-recognised risk-assessment matrix approach to quantify biases within four example datasets. The study highlighted the level of risk in using heterogeneous datasets is lower for assessing patterns of association in marine predators, rather than counts or abundances. Therefore, research questions should be carefully considered when utilising datasets not designed for a specific research hypothesis. The matrix method presented has two important roles to advance this field of research: the first is to aid people to analyse existing datasets and provide a standardised approach to enumerating bias quantitatively as opposed to just describing bias assumptions. The second is to guide research to design better surveys by understanding which risk factors are most influential on their study.Critically, Chapter 4 provides maps of marine predator biodiversity hotspots around the UK, identifying areas of shared space use across taxa groups. It is the largest cross- taxa study of marine predator biodiversity around the UK to date. Sighting datasets were collated and species richness was determined across different spatial scales. Whilst species richness has been a keystone measure of biodiversity, it can be skewed by survey effort and therefore a new measure of ‘species richness per unit effort’ (SRPUE) was derived to identify relative areas of high and low richness. Patterns in species richness over time using seasonal-trend decomposition analysis revealed that the concept of carrying capacity becomes evident when survey effort is accounted for. This chapter demonstrates how the analysis of existing data can facilitate the mapping of the biodiversity of marine predators and allow areas of high shared space use to be prioritised in conservation and management.Simply quantifying biodiversity hotspots is not enough, with the potential drivers of species richness patterns identified as important in the literature, particularly with anthropogenic climate change causing shifts in species coexistence. Chapter 5 uses three modelling approaches to look at associations of high species richness with a suite of environmental variables. Macro-ecological models (MEMs) using generalised additive models (GAMs) and stacked species distribution models (SSDMs) were utilised to give maps of species richness. SRPUE is a useful method to factor in effort in richness mapping, but user interpretation is not as intuitive as the well-known species richness integer scale, and therefore an alternative approach was derived using effort as a predictor. All variables were significant predictors for biodiversity. The GAM using raw species richness and SSDM model demonstrated sea surfacetemperature has the highest relative contribution to richness hotspots and therefore is a concern in climate change with warming oceans.Overall, this thesis demonstrates how analysis of existing and diverse data can be utilised cost-effectively to map biodiversity. While some caution is needed when using historical datasets, these distribution maps are the first available output at this spatial scale and taxonomic coverage and have widespread and immediate applications in identifying important areas of protection and providing a focus for marine management strategies

Preventing and Predicting Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Systematic Literature Review: Background: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a relatively common childhood disorder that is associated with a number of adverse outcomes. It is often identifiable from a young age, with younger onset predicting more adverse outcomes. Preventative interventions have therefore been developed that aim to reduce the onset of ODD and its symptoms. A number of school-based preventative interventions have been implemented, but no review of their effectiveness has been conducted. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review of classroom based preventative interventions for oppositional defiant disorder. Method: Electronic databases in the psychological and educational fields were systematically searched for evidence of school-based preventative interventions. Results: Eight studies were identified that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These ranged from large universal based studies, to selected and indicated types of prevention. There were methodological flaws in a number of studies, particularly with regards to random assignment. Therefore, the conclusions drawn from these studies are tentative. Conclusions: There was some evidence for the effectiveness of school-based interventions for ODD. Further research is needed, with higher quality designs, to replicate and extend the findings to date. KEYWORDS: Oppositional Defiant Disorder; Prevention; School-based. Major Research Project: Background: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) describes a pattern of negative and disruptive behaviours in childhood that cause concurrent difficulties and are associated with later behaviour problems through to adulthood. A number of antecedents for ODD have been posited in the literature. This study explored how maternal depression, an internalising disorder, may be associated with ODD, an externalizing disorder, through its association with maternal anger. The relevance of mothers’ antisocial history was also explored. Methods: A community sample of 332 families were recruited to the Cardiff Child Development Study, a longitudinal design following families from pregnancy to age 7. Structural equation modeling was adopted to test a measurement model of maternal anger, then a series of hypotheses regarding the prediction of ODD when the children were 7 years of age were conducted. Maternal depression (past, antenatal and postnatal) and child ODD was measured using diagnostic clinical interview, and maternal anger through self- and partner-reported and experimenter-observation. Results: Perinatal depression showed no direct relationship with ODD in this demographically diverse sample, although mothers’ depression prior to pregnancy did. Maternal anger was related to ODD in families with social adversity (measured by low education, young parenthood, and unstable parental relationships). Mothers’ antisocial history was a unique predictor of ODD, above that of mothers’ prior depression. Conclusions: Mothers’ antisocial history is an important predictor of child ODD, and is also related to maternal anger. Maternal anger is related to child ODD in high adversity families. Recommendations for future research are provided. KEYWORDS: Oppositional Defiant Disorder; Maternal Depression; Maternal Antisocial History; Maternal Anger

John Mackey: the composer, his compositional style and a conductor\u27s analysis of Redline Tango and Turbine

The purpose of this monograph is to present the first formal analysis of John Mackey and his music. Through substantive firsthand interaction with the composer, this document details Mackey’s unique compositional development through computer-based learning and includes a conductor’s analysis of Redline Tango and Turbine. Mackey’s compositional style includes simplistic forms using melodies and harmonies that do not readily demonstrate the difficulties conductors and performers may find within his well-crafted compositions. Mackey’s work emphasizes the element of rhythm and his orchestration typically utilizes the conventional instrumentation for wind ensemble with prominence placed on percussion. Redline Tango has been awarded two significant band awards and has received international performances. Turbine is unique in comparison to Mackey’s earlier works, relying even less on melodic material and more on rhythmic complexity for its content, establishing it as Mackey’s most rhythmically complicated band work to date. A distinctive characteristic of Turbine is Mackey’s percussion scoring, which includes the use of non-traditional percussion instruments and may cause conductors to consider alternative score preparation and rehearsal techniques. Both Redline Tango and Turbine display balance in form between repetition and contrast, consistency and originality in style, a creative design that exhibits craftsmanship and unique rhythmic vitality. Although technically demanding, conductors and performers should find rehearsals and performances of both pieces to be enjoyable. To be assured, audiences continue to be captivated by Mackey’s distinctive compositional style, unique rhythmic creativity and imaginative percussion scoring