Model Hubungan Antara Volume Lalulintas Dengan Tarif Jalan Tol

Indonesia has experienced increasing economic growth every year. This recent trend needs to be supported by adequate transportation infrastructures, especially roads. Since there is limited budget for infrastructure development, the government has invited private investors for toll road construction. Toll tariff and traffic volume are two main factors that affect toll road income and investment. A method based on financial approach needs to be developed to enhance the benefit cost analysis of toll road construction and furthermore to determine the toll tariff. Factors that affect toll tariff were analyzed based on vehicle number and vehicle growth rate. The elasticity theory was applied in this case study to identify the effects of toll tariff on traffic volume. A model of critical traffic volume was created based on the analysis of several factors such as construction cost, operation and maintenance cost, payback period, and internal rate of return. The results from Jia method and the Present Worth Factor (PWF) method show that the relationship between traffic volume and toll tariff is very sensitive, indicated by the elasticity value equal to 1. The difference between the two method is about 27% and is caused by the double counting on taxes on Jia method

Details of <i>Eratyrus mucronatus</i> collect from 1991 to 2013 in French Guiana.

<p>¹,²,³,⁴,⁵,⁶,⁷: different areas of French Guiana. SEAG: Société Entomologique Antilles-Guyane (Entomological Society for French West-Indies and Guiana). JMB: Jean-Michel Bérenger. BH: Bernard Hermier. CNES Kourou: Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (National Center for Spatial Studies).</p

Phylogenetic tree based on 18S gene sequences of lice species collected from domestic animals.

<p>Accession numbers in red color are 18S gene sequence of lice of animals from Ethiopia recently deposited in the GenBank. Minimum evolution method was used to build the phylogentic tree. Bootstrap values are indicated at the nodes.</p

A consensus phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of the <i>Bartonella</i> species studied based on a portion of <i>gltA</i> gene sequence comparison.

<p>GenBank accession numbers (or the only genome accession number) are indicated when the sequences originated from Genbank at the beginning. The sequences were aligned using ClustalW, and phylogenetic inferences were obtained using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis with TOPALi 2.5 software (Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, UK) within the integrated Maximum Likelihood application using the K81uf + I + Г model. Numbers at the nodes are percentages of bootstrap values obtained by repeating the analysis 100 times to generate a majority consensus tree. Bootstrap values below 80 were deleted from the final tree. The final set includes 200 base pairs. The new <i>Bartonella</i> sequence described in this study is written in red.</p

Sequences of qPCR primers used to investigate the presence of pathogens’ DNA in the <i>E</i>. <i>mucronatus</i> samples. F: forward primer, R: reverse primer, P: qPCR probe.

<p>Sequences of qPCR primers used to investigate the presence of pathogens’ DNA in the <i>E</i>. <i>mucronatus</i> samples. F: forward primer, R: reverse primer, P: qPCR probe.</p

A consensus phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of the studied species of <i>Bartonella</i> species based on a portion of <i>rpoB</i> gene sequence comparison.

<p>GenBank accession numbers (or the only genome accession number) are indicated when the sequences initially originated from Genbank. The sequences were aligned using ClustalW, and phylogenetic inferences were obtained using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis with TOPALi 2.5 software (Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, UK) within the integrated Maximum Likelihood application using the TrN + I + Г model. Numbers at the nodes are percentages of bootstrap values obtained by repeating the analysis 100 times to generate a majority consensus tree. Bootstrap values below 80 were deleted from the final tree. The final set includes 756 base pairs. The new <i>Bartonella</i> sequence described in the present study is written in red.</p

Summary of BLAST analysis of partial <i>rpoB</i> gene sequences obtained from lice and keds of domestic animals in six districts in Oromia, Ethiopia.

<p>Summary of BLAST analysis of partial <i>rpoB</i> gene sequences obtained from lice and keds of domestic animals in six districts in Oromia, Ethiopia.</p

Percentage of <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. detected by qPCR in lice and flies collected from domestic animals in six districts in Oromia.

<p>Percentage of <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. detected by qPCR in lice and flies collected from domestic animals in six districts in Oromia.</p

Phylogenetic tree based on partial <i>rpoB</i> gene sequences of <i>Acinetobacter</i> species.

<p>Maximum Likelihood method was used to build the phylogentic tree. Bootstrap values are indicated at the nodes. <b>Bold</b> indicates the taxonomic position of <i>Acinetobacter</i> species identified in this study.</p

Summary of <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. detected in various species of arthropods from different countries of the world.

<p>Summary of <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. detected in various species of arthropods from different countries of the world.</p