Les réseaux du secteur bois en Inde du Sud : du local au global

Les filières du bois à Tiruchengodu, petite ville de l’Inde du Sud, sont étudiées. Ce cas permet de comprendre l’articulation entre production à plusieurs niveaux d’échelle, dans une société très complexe. L’analyse du système de production montre le rôle initial de la dynamique urbaine de la ville en question, et l’organisation en deux filières différenciées qui résulte de la demande de produits différents La première filière correspond à un approvisionnement local, et la seconde à un approvisionnement au loin, ou “extra-local”. Les réseaux d’acteurs impliqués se révèlent complexes mais bien structurés, grâce au rôle fondamental joué par une variété d’intermédiaires, qui facilitent toutes les fonctions de l’économie de ce secteur, de la logistique jusqu’aux services financiers. Un des principaux facteurs de la complexité du système étudié réside dans la faible capacité d’investissement individuel, et dans l’extr’me parcellisation des fonctions qui en résultent. Les dynamiques de groupes et de communauté sont très prégnantes dans ce système, et en organisant le jeu des pouvoirs au sein du système, permettent aux acteurs individuels d’accéder à des formes de contrôle de leur environnement économique. Les réseaux d’acteurs se révèlent une organisation en “réseau de réseaux”, capable de connecter la ville étudiée aux autres Etats de l’Inde et à l’international, grâce à des fonctions d’intermédiation depuis le local jusqu’au global.

L’émergence de l’Inde : dynamiques métropolitaines, ouverture maritime

Pour le géographe parcourant l’Inde depuis près de quarante ans, chaque séjour, année après année, offre l’expérience d’un changement social rapide, allant s’accentuant, et modifiant jusqu’à l’organisation du territoire et les pratiques spatiales. Les toutes dernières années apparaissent même, par bien des aspects, comme le temps d’une mutation. Après une vingtaine d’années de croissance économique soutenue et qui ne fléchit pas, l’enrichissement des couches moyennes se fait davantage visible..

La construction d’une vaste région économique au nord-ouest de l’Inde

L’émergence d’une grande région en développement au nord-ouest de l’Inde, qui s’étire du Punjab à la partie septentrionale du Maharashtra et dans laquelle Delhi et Mumbai, les deux plus puissantes agglomérations urbaines du pays, tiennent une place essentielle, est manifeste dès le milieu des années 1990 et affirme son existence à partir des années 2000. Cette région obtient une reconnaissance officielle avec la mise en place du projet du Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor par L’État indien en 2007. Cet article présente les différentes étapes du développement de cet espace qui tient une place essentielle dans une Inde en cours d’intégration par la globalisation.The emergence of a large developing region in the Northwest of India appears clear from the mid-1990s and asserts its existence since the 2000s. Delhi and Mumbai, the two most powerful urban areas of the country, hold an essential place in this strong economic region stretching from Punjab to the Northern part of Maharashtra. From the 2000s, this area gets official recognition with the establishment of the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Project Corridor by the Indian State in 2007. This paper aims to present the different stages of development of this area, which plays a key role in the process of globalization in India

ATLAS INDUSTRI MEBEL KAYU DI JEPARA, INDONESIA

Dokumen ini merupakan kajian terhadap sentra industri di Kabupaten Jepara, Indonesia, yang mengkhususkan diri pada produksi mebel untuk dipasarkan dalam negeri maupun luar negeri. Kami mengambil kesimpulan dari ciri-ciri utama dan dinamika yang terjadi pada berbagai perusahaan di Jepara dengan menggunakan analisis kuantitatif terhadap alur yang terjadi antara perusahaanperusahaan tersebut dan dengan pasar di tempat lain. Suatu metode analisis spasial telah dirancang khusus, dan digabungkan dengan metode lain yang sudah ada untuk menganalisa jaringan produksi hutan serta jaringan sosial. Metode tersebut memungkinkan adanya pertimbangan serta evaluasi yang lebih tepat dan akurat terhadap jumlah bengkel-bengkel kecil (lebih dikenal dengan sebutan “brak” atau workshop) yang tidak dapat dievaluasi dengan menggunakan metode-metode klasik. Tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa statistik resmi dan berbagai tulisan yang sudah ada tentang Jepara selama ini ternyata memberikan taksiran yang terlalu rendah terhadap jangkauan industri kayu dan kegiatan di Jepara. Hasilnya disajikan melalui peta sintesis. Sebanyak 15.271 unit produksi telah diidentifikasi di Jepara, yang memperkerjakan sekitar 170.000 orang. Kegiatan tersebut menghasilkan pendapatan yang cukup besar, yaitu nilai tambah antara Rp 11.900 - 12.300 miliar/ tahun (sekitar Euro 1 miliar/tahun), atau Rp 70 - 78 juta/pekerja/tahun. Konsumsi kayu bulat di Kabupaten Jepara adalah sebesar 1,5 hingga 2,2 juta m³/tahun, dengan kata lain, 9 m³ kayu bulat dapat menyokong pekerjaan 1 pekerja tetap selama satu tahun. Penataan produksi di daerah ini sama seperti di sentra industri lainnya, di mana hubungan dan sistem sub kontrak antara sesama unit produksi serta tingkat spesialisasi tergolong tinggi, dan unit ukuran kecil dan sangat kecil menjadi cukup dominan dalam berbagai tahap produksi dibandingkan dengan unit terpadu yang lebih besar.Indonesia, Jawa, mebel, kayu, sentra industri, jaringan produksi, daerah klaster manufaktur, spesialisasi yang fleksibel, UKM, jati, dagang.

Atlas of wooden furniture industry in Jepara, Indonesia

In this document, we study the industrial district of Jepara, Indonesia. It is specialised in furniture production, for the Indonesian consumption, as well as for worldwide exports. We summarize the main features of the dynamics of the firms involved in the Jepara industrial complex with a quantitative analysis of flows among them, and between them and markets elsewhere. A specific method of spatial analysis has been designed, and merged with other existing methods for the analysis of forest production networks and social networks. This method allows to take in account and to accurately assess the number of very small workshops that can not be evaluated by classical methods. We demonstrate that the extent of wood industry and activities is considerably underestimated by both the official statistics and the existing literature about Jepara. We present the results through synthesis maps. A total of 15 271 units of production have been identified, employing approximately 170 000 workers in Jepara. The activity generates creates a considerable revenue: between 11 900 to 12 300 billions Rp/year of added value (about 1 billion Euros/year), that is to say between 70 to 78 million Rp/worker/year. The district of Jepara consumes between 1.5 to 2.2 millions m3/year or round wood, and in other words, we found that the use of around 9 m3 of round wood, sustain 1 fulltime employee per year. The organisation of the production is typical of an industrial district, with a high level of intertwined relationships and sub-contracting between the production unites, a high specialisation of them, and a prevalence of the small and very small units in various steps of the production, compared to the bigger integrated units.Indonesia, Java, furniture, timber, industrial district, production network, manufacturing cluster, flexible specialisation, SME, teak, trade

Atlas of wooden furniture industry in Jepara, Indonesia

In this document, we study the industrial district of Jepara, Indonesia. It is specialised in furniture production, for Indonesian consumption as well as for worldwide exports. We summarize the main features of the dynamics of the firms involved in the Jepara industrial complex with a quantitative analysis of flows among them, and between them and markets elsewhere. A specific method of spatial analysis was designed, and merged with existing methods for the analysis of forest production networks and social networks. This method allows to take into account and to accurately assess the number of very small workshops that cannot be evaluated by classical methods. We demonstrate that both the official statistics and the existing literature about Jepara considerably underestimate the extent of the wood industry and its activities. We present the results through synthesis maps. A total of 15 271 units of production have been identified, employing approximately 170 000 workers in Jepara. The activity generates considerable revenue: between 11 900 and 12 300 billion Rp/year of added value (about 1 billion euros/year), that is to say between 70 and 78 million Rp/worker/year. The district of Jepara consumes between 1.5 and 2.2 million m3/year of roundwood, and in other words, we found that the use of around 9 m3 of roundwood sustains one full-time employee for a year. The organisation of the production is typical of an industrial district, featuring a high level of intertwined relationships and subcontracting among highly specialised production units and a prevalence of small and very small units in various steps of the production rather than bigger, integrated units.Indonesia; Java, furniture; timber; industrial district; production network; manufacturing cluster; flexible specialisation; SME; teak; trade

Atlas of wooden furniture industry in Jepara, Indonesia

ISBN 978-979-1412-12-4 52p. This document is jointly produced by the Centre de coopération international en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). We thanks the surveyors for their hard work (Adi Nugroho, Budi Suprojo, Desti Wahyu Kurniawati, Dewi Azizah, Eko Agus Wibisono, Fajar Hery Purwanto, Fauziatul Iffah, Iwan Achmad Ambiya, Muhammad Maksalmina, Rini Puspita Sari, Wachid Nurhadi, Wuri Rahmawati), Maya Dina the field coordinator, Fitri Mulyana who check and clean up the database, and Rosita Go for secretarial support. We thank Peter Frost, who reviewed and provided useful advices to the manuscript, and the team from Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University whom have encouraged us in this effort. This paper would not have been issued without vigilantly work of Gideon Suharyanto and Eko Prianto, who did the layout and cover design. We thank the local district government of Jepara (Pemda Kabupaten Jepara) for supporting this work. Finally, we thank the European Union Commission, CIRAD and CIFOR for their financial support.In this document, we study the industrial district of Jepara, Indonesia. It is specialised in furniture production, for Indonesian consumption as well as for worldwide exports. We summarize the main features of the dynamics of the firms involved in the Jepara industrial complex with a quantitative analysis of flows among them, and between them and markets elsewhere. A specific method of spatial analysis was designed, and merged with existing methods for the analysis of forest production networks and social networks. This method allows to take into account and to accurately assess the number of very small workshops that cannot be evaluated by classical methods. We demonstrate that both the official statistics and the existing literature about Jepara considerably underestimate the extent of the wood industry and its activities. We present the results through synthesis maps. A total of 15 271 units of production have been identified, employing approximately 170 000 workers in Jepara. The activity generates considerable revenue: between 11 900 and 12 300 billion Rp/year of added value (about 1 billion euros/year), that is to say between 70 and 78 million Rp/worker/year. The district of Jepara consumes between 1.5 and 2.2 million m3/year of roundwood, and in other words, we found that the use of around 9 m3 of roundwood sustains one full-time employee for a year. The organisation of the production is typical of an industrial district, featuring a high level of intertwined relationships and subcontracting among highly specialised production units and a prevalence of small and very small units in various steps of the production rather than bigger, integrated units

Croissance urbaine, migrations et diversification sociale dans le golfe Arabo-persique

Avec l’accélération de l’exploitation du pétrole autour du golfe Arabo-persique à partir de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les villes à proximité desquelles cette activité se développe connaissent une croissance très forte et supplantent rapidement des cités plus anciennes ou plus célèbres. Le présent article désire décrire et analyser les modalités de cette croissance en prenant en compte l’ensemble des villes situées sur les deux rives. Au cours des dernières années, la croissance de ces villes apparaît liée à l’existence de politiques urbaines visant, grâce aux investissements autorisés par l’exploitation des hydrocarbures, à la mise en place d’une économie post-pétrolière qui conduit à une très forte immigration de travailleurs aux compétences très diverses. Loin d’être simplement des sociétés divisées entre, d’une part, des populations très riches composées de familles autochtones et d’étrangers hautement qualifiés, le plus souvent anglo-américains, d’autre part, des travailleurs pauvres, venus sans leur famille dans le cadre de contrats temporaires, les agglomérations urbaines du Golfe voient se développer une diversité de groupes sociaux hiérarchisés. L’analyse de ces sociétés urbaines met l’accent sur l’émergence d’un ensemble de couches moyennes plus ou moins aisées et de couches populaires plus ou moins à même de participer à la dynamique de consommation. Il montre une complexité sociale caractéristique d’une partie des grandes villes, fortement intégrées dans les processus de mondialisation, laissant dernière elles les villes petites et moyennes ne bénéficiant pas des politiques d’investissements étatiques relayées par les milieux financiers internationaux.With the development of oil exploration and production around the Arabo-Persian Gulf from the end of World-War II, the towns linked with this activity have experienced a rapid growth, leading to the significant changes in pre-existed urban hierarchy. This article aims to describe and analyse the process of growth of all the cities and towns located on the two sides of the Gulf. During the last few years, the urban growth appears to be linked with new urban policies using oil revenues for building a post-oil economy. Divided between rich social groups constituted by local families and highly qualified migrants, often North-Americans on one side and on the other side poor workers, mainly Asians, far from their family and on temporary contracts along with various social groups of new migrants. The present analysis pinpoints the importance of a large and hierarchized middle class as well as a large popular class in the social fabrics, which determine local social life as well as consumption pattern. It demonstrates the social complexity of the society in large urban agglomerations of the Gulf countries, which are getting strongly integrated with the globalization process and benefitted by large investments from the states and international companies. It also shows how the middle and small towns are greatly marginalised in this lopsided development process

Koweït City : planification urbaine et stratégie régionale

The Iraqi occupation in 1990–1991 has impacted Kuwait City for years. But, since the end of 2000 decade, the city has entered in an unprecedented development process. Nevertheless, many projects planned have not yet been realised, in spite of the small kingdom assets: its oil fields, its large investment capacity and its highly educated urban elite. The article reviews the projects completed and those under construction, then it analyses the implementation of the urban development plan and the stakeholders involved. The aim is finally to understand Kuwait City’s capacity to insert itself into the city network under structuration along the Southern coastal area of the Arabo‑Persian Gulf