BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License

pH-Dependent Proton Conducting Behavior in a Metal-Organic Framework Material

A porous metal-organic framework (MOF), [Ni-2-(dobdc)(H2O)2]center dot 6H(2)O (Ni-2(dobdc) or Ni-MOF-74; dobdc(4) = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) with hexagonal channels was synthesized using a microwave-assisted solvothermal reaction. Soaking Ni-2(dobdc) in sulfuric acid solutions at different pH values afforded new proton-conducting frameworks, H@Ni-2(dobdc). At pH 1.8, the acidified MOF shows proton conductivity of 2.2 x 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 80 degrees C and 95% relative humidity (RH), approaching the highest values reported for MOFs. Proton conduction occurs via the Grotthuss mechanism with a significantly low activation energy as compared to other proton-conducting MOFs. Protonated water clusters within the pores of H@Ni-2(dobdc) play an important role in the conduction process

Selective CO2 adsorption and proton conductivity in the two-dimensional Zn(II) framework with protruded water molecules and flexible ether linkers

A two-dimensional (2D) Zn(II) metal-organic framework with flexible aryl ether linkers and water molecules exposed to the pores was prepared. The supramolecular three-dimensional (3D) network is generated by the presence of extensive pi-pi contacts, which could be responsible for gas uptake. The water molecules and oxygen atoms from the flexible linkers create a polar environment within the integrated framework, leading to simultaneous selective CO2 adsorption and proton conductivity in the two-dimensional Zn(II) framework

Interpenetration Control, Sorption Behavior, and Framework Flexibility in Zn(II) Metal–Organic Frameworks

Three Zn­(II) frameworks [Zn­(H₂L)­(bdc)]­·1.4DEF­·0.6H₂O (<b>1</b>; H₂L = 1,4-di­(1H-imidazol-4-yl)­benzene, H₂bdc = terephthalic acid), [Zn­(H₂L)­(bdc)]­·1.5DMF­·1.2H₂O (<b>2</b>), and [Zn­(H₂L)­(L)_0.5(bdc)_0.5]­·formamide­·H₂O (<b>3</b>) were prepared under the solvothermal conditions in DEF/H₂O, DMF/H₂O, and formamide/H₂O solvent pairs, respectively. All compounds are commonly based on the adamantanoid three-dimensional networks that are mutually entangled to form a 3-fold (<b>1</b>) to 4-fold (<b>2</b>) to 5-fold interpenetrating <b>dia</b> structure (<b>3</b>). The solvent pairs used in the reactions are primarily responsible for the variation of such interpenetration degree. It is noted that the reaction time, temperature, and reactant ratio applied in the present system (<b>2</b>) did not lead to the interpenetration change. The activated sample (<b>1a</b>) shows the gas uptake of N₂, H₂, and CO₂, characteristic of permanent porosity in the flexible framework, while the gases of N₂ and H₂ are not adsorbed on <b>2</b> and <b>3</b>. The porous compound (<b>1</b>) also exhibits the reversible inclusion and release of I₂ in MeOH. Interestingly, <b>2</b> reveals the reversible structural transformation during the activation–resolvation process where the solid can be activated through two routes (solvent exchange/desolvation and direct desolvation). However, there is no appreciable structural flexibility upon solvent exchange in <b>3</b> with 5-fold interpenetration, indicating that this framework is more robust, compared to <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> with lower interpenetration degrees

Interpenetration Control, Sorption Behavior, and Framework Flexibility in Zn(II) Metal–Organic Frameworks

Three Zn­(II) frameworks [Zn­(H₂L)­(bdc)]­·1.4DEF­·0.6H₂O (<b>1</b>; H₂L = 1,4-di­(1H-imidazol-4-yl)­benzene, H₂bdc = terephthalic acid), [Zn­(H₂L)­(bdc)]­·1.5DMF­·1.2H₂O (<b>2</b>), and [Zn­(H₂L)­(L)_0.5(bdc)_0.5]­·formamide­·H₂O (<b>3</b>) were prepared under the solvothermal conditions in DEF/H₂O, DMF/H₂O, and formamide/H₂O solvent pairs, respectively. All compounds are commonly based on the adamantanoid three-dimensional networks that are mutually entangled to form a 3-fold (<b>1</b>) to 4-fold (<b>2</b>) to 5-fold interpenetrating <b>dia</b> structure (<b>3</b>). The solvent pairs used in the reactions are primarily responsible for the variation of such interpenetration degree. It is noted that the reaction time, temperature, and reactant ratio applied in the present system (<b>2</b>) did not lead to the interpenetration change. The activated sample (<b>1a</b>) shows the gas uptake of N₂, H₂, and CO₂, characteristic of permanent porosity in the flexible framework, while the gases of N₂ and H₂ are not adsorbed on <b>2</b> and <b>3</b>. The porous compound (<b>1</b>) also exhibits the reversible inclusion and release of I₂ in MeOH. Interestingly, <b>2</b> reveals the reversible structural transformation during the activation–resolvation process where the solid can be activated through two routes (solvent exchange/desolvation and direct desolvation). However, there is no appreciable structural flexibility upon solvent exchange in <b>3</b> with 5-fold interpenetration, indicating that this framework is more robust, compared to <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> with lower interpenetration degrees

Reversible Structural Flexibility and Sensing Properties of a Zn(II) Metal–Organic Framework: Phase Transformation between Interpenetrating 3D Net and 2D Sheet

A three-dimensional Zn­(II) framework, [Zn₄O­(L)₃(DMF)₂]·0.5DMF·H₂O (<b>1</b>; H₂L = 3,3′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid) was prepared under a solvothermal reaction in DMF. The structure reveals that the 3-fold interpenetration is stabilized in the framework with a distinct secondary building unit of the formula [Zn₄O­(R-CO₂)₆(DMF)₂], slightly different from that of MOF-5. Phase transformations in <b>1</b> occur reversibly via two pathways of solvent exchange/resolvation and activation/resolvation, which is indicative of the presence of extensive structural flexibility. Nitrobenzene among tested solvents is selectively detected by <b>1</b>, and the sensing event was operating repeatedly. The three-dimensional framework of <b>1</b> with 3-fold interpenetration is uniquely converted to the two-dimensional Cu phase with no interpenetration, reflecting a drastic dimensionality variation

Sulfate-Incorporated Co(II) Coordination Frameworks with Bis-imidazole Bridging Ligands Constructed by Covalent and Noncovalent Interactions

Three 3D supramolecular networks, [Co­(H₂L1)₂]·(SO₄)·2H₂O (<b>1</b>), [Co­(H₂L1)­(SO₄)­(H₂O)­(DMF)] (<b>2</b>), and [Co­(H₂L2)­(SO₄)­(H₂O)] (<b>3</b>), were prepared by reacting Co­(II) sulfate with the rigid bis-imidazoles of 1,4-di­(1<i>H</i>-imidazol-4-yl)­benzene (H₂L1) and 1,3-di­(1<i>H</i>-imidazol-4-yl)­benzene (H₂L2) in solvothermal conditions. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> containing the H₂L1 ligand were isolated under different solvent-pair ratios. The structure of <b>1</b> can be described as a 6-fold interpenetrating 3D <b>dia</b> net in which the sulfate anions are positioned in the void spaces to balance the overall charge of the framework. In comparison, complex <b>2</b> shows a rectangular 2D grid consisting of 1D sulfate-bridged chains linked by H₂L1. When H₂L2 is used in the reaction, the complex <b>3</b> having a 3D interdigitaed network with helical chains is formed, which is the first example of an H₂L2-connected coordination polymer. The sulfate ions essentially contribute to the entanglement of the structures through extensive hydrogen bonding. Magnetic measurements for <b>2</b> indicate that very weak ferromagnetic interactions are operative between anisotropic Co­(II) centers via sulfate bridges

Reversible Structural Flexibility and Sensing Properties of a Zn(II) Metal–Organic Framework: Phase Transformation between Interpenetrating 3D Net and 2D Sheet

A three-dimensional Zn­(II) framework, [Zn₄O­(L)₃(DMF)₂]·0.5DMF·H₂O (<b>1</b>; H₂L = 3,3′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid) was prepared under a solvothermal reaction in DMF. The structure reveals that the 3-fold interpenetration is stabilized in the framework with a distinct secondary building unit of the formula [Zn₄O­(R-CO₂)₆(DMF)₂], slightly different from that of MOF-5. Phase transformations in <b>1</b> occur reversibly via two pathways of solvent exchange/resolvation and activation/resolvation, which is indicative of the presence of extensive structural flexibility. Nitrobenzene among tested solvents is selectively detected by <b>1</b>, and the sensing event was operating repeatedly. The three-dimensional framework of <b>1</b> with 3-fold interpenetration is uniquely converted to the two-dimensional Cu phase with no interpenetration, reflecting a drastic dimensionality variation

Benchmarks in colorectal surgery: multinational study to define quality thresholds in high and low anterior resection

BACKGROUND Benchmark comparisons in surgery allow identification of gaps in the quality of care provided. The aim of this study was to determine quality thresholds for high (HAR) and low (LAR) anterior resections in colorectal cancer surgery by applying the concept of benchmarking. METHODS This 5-year multinational retrospective study included patients who underwent anterior resection for cancer in 19 high-volume centres on five continents. Benchmarks were defined for 11 relevant postoperative variables at discharge, 3 months, and 6 months (for LAR). Benchmarks were calculated for two separate cohorts: patients without (ideal) and those with (non-ideal) outcome-relevant co-morbidities. Benchmark cut-offs were defined as the 75th percentile of each centre's median value. RESULTS A total of 3903 patients who underwent HAR and 3726 who had LAR for cancer were analysed. After 3 months' follow-up, the mortality benchmark in HAR for ideal and non-ideal patients was 0.0 versus 3.0 per cent, and in LAR it was 0.0 versus 2.2 per cent. Benchmark results for anastomotic leakage were 5.0 versus 6.9 per cent for HAR, and 13.6 versus 11.8 per cent for LAR. The overall morbidity benchmark in HAR was a Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI®) score of 8.6 versus 14.7, and that for LAR was CCI® score 11.9 versus 18.3. CONCLUSION Regular comparison of individual-surgeon or -unit outcome data against benchmark thresholds may identify gaps in care quality that can improve patient outcome