Analisis Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif Minyak Atsiri Dari Bunga Kamboja Putih (Plumeria acuminata W.T.Ait.) dan Bunga Kamboja Merah (Plumeria rubra L.)

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menganalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif minyak atsiri bunga kamboja putih (Plumeria acuminata W.T.Ait.) dan bunga kamboja merah (Plumeria rubra L.). Hasil uji kualitatif minyak atsiri bunga kambojaputih meliputi bentuk cair, bau khas aromatik bunga kamboja, warna kuning muda, rasa manis agak pedas, bobot jenis 0,6956 ± 0,0217, indeks bias (nD250) = 1,4788 ± 10-04 dan kadar minyak atsiri0 0,12 ± 0,02%(v/b). Minyak atsiri bunga kamboja merah memiliki bentuk cair, bau khas aromatik bunga kamboja, warna jingga kecoklatan,rasa manis agak pedas, bobot jenis 0,3844 ± 0,005, indeks bias (nD250) = 1,4197 ± 10-04 dan kadar minyak atsiri 0,09 ± 0,03%(v/b). Noda KLT masing-masing menunjukan jumlah yang sama yaitu terdapat 8 noda. Analisis KG-SM menunjukkan bahwa minyak atsiri atsiri bunga kamboja putih memiliki 19 senyawa dengan area lebih dari 1% tapi yang teranalisis didominasi oleh 5 komponen senyawa antara lain Pentakosan (5,69%), Heksakosan (4,88%), Benzil alkohol (4,35%), Tetrakosan (4,18%), dan Heptakosan (3,01%). Minyak atsiri atsiri bunga kamboja merah memiliki 17 senyawa dengan area lebih dari 1 %, 5 komponen senyawa yang mendominasi antara lain Feniletilalkohol (12,43%), Benzenasetonitril (6,30%), Pentakosan (3,48%), Tetrakosan (3,14%), dan Trikosan (2,27%). Kandungan yang sama pada kedua jenis minyak atsiri adalah Pentakosan dan Tetrakosan dalam jumlah berbeda

Affordable homeownership policy : implications for housing markets

Affordable homeownership is a policy that is often accorded a great deal of policy attention by governments of many countries. In this paper, we examine the market implications of setting a housing price to income ratio target for a market segment by the government. The policy requires active intervention by the government with regard to the targeted sector. We use a simple model of the housing market with a homeownership affordability target to derive the market implications of such targets. In the presence of uncertainty and resource constraints, the objective of homeownership affordability is achieved for the targeted group at the expense of greater volatility in residential construction activity. When the size of the targeted sector is significant in size, there are spillover price and crowding out effects on the non-targeted housing market segment. This results in political pressure on the government to expand homeownership affordability targets to increasing segments of the population. Housing price to income ratios tend to be fairly constant over time and across targeted groups, the housing supply is relatively price inelastic and the income elasticity of housing demand is less than one. The Singapore government intervenes extensively in the housing sector to ensure homeownership affordability, with a resulting homeownership rate of 91 percent for the resident population. The above hypotheses regarding the implications of setting housing price to income ratio targets are tested using the Singapore housing market. The experience and data for Singapore were found to support the above hypotheses.Affordable homeownership policy, market implications, Singapore

Shifted genocchi polynomials operational matrix for solving fractional order stiff system

In this paper, we solve the fractional order stiff system using shifted Genocchi poly�nomials operational matrix. Different than the well known Genocchi polynomials, we shift the interval from [0, 1] to [1, 2] and name it as shifted Genocchi polynomials. Using the nice prop�erties of shifted Genocchi polynomials which inherit from classical Genocchi polynomials, the shifted Genocchi polynomials operational matrix of fractional derivative will be derived. Collo�cation scheme are used together with the operational matrix to solve some fractional order stiff system. From the numerical examples, it is obvious that only few terms of shifted Genocchi polynomials is sufficient to obtain result in high accurac

From efficiency-driven to innovation-driven economic growth : perspectives from Singapore

This paper looks at Singapore's efforts to transform the economic growth base from one that is predominantly efficiency-driven to one that is more innovation-driven. To accelerate the transition process, the government is aggressively investing in"innovation infrastructure"-systems and institutions that make the city a more conducive environment for innovations. The modus operandi, with a distinctive"winner-picking"flavor, mirrors that of its earlier strategic industrial policy in building up the manufacturing sector. It is also in sync with the new urban growth literature which argues that the success of any innovation-driven growth strategy depends on a city's ability to attract a large community of creative individuals in different fields. Innovation infrastructure building requires more than putting in the right systems. It also requires a mindset change at various levels of society. This paper looks at how the government's policy philosophy and practices have evolved over time, and discusses the effectiveness of the government-led, strategic supply-push approach in propelling Singapore onto an innovation-driven growth path. It takes into consideration the city-state's underlying comparative advantages (or disadvantages) and asks how Singapore's existing strength in efficiency infrastructure may give it a first mover advantage in attracting creative talent, how its success may be affected by the small size of the economy, and the various political and social constraints that a small sovereign city-state faces. These issues are explored against the backdrop of the keen competition among the major cities in the region to become an innovation hub.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,ICT Policy and Strategies,Agricultural Research,Banks&Banking Reform

Primary cerebellopontine angle melanocytoma: review.

Introduction Primary cerebellopontine angle melanocytomas (PCPAMs) are very rare. Their natural history and prognosis are not fully understood. We reviewed the literature and add a new case to analyze PCPAM's presentation, radiological features, and outcome of treatment. Methods We performed a literature review using Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. We searched for melanocytoma, melanoma, and pigmented tumors in the posterior cranial fossa and CPA to identify PCPAM. We have also searched our institution's neuro-oncology database. Results We identified 23 PCPAM from the literature and one case of our own. The mean age at presentation was 44.4 years with slight male preponderance. PCPAM presented with cerebellopontine angle (CPA) syndrome with or without hydrocephalus. Preoperative diagnosis was difficult; they appeared hyperintense on T1 and isointense on T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and enhanced with gadolinium. However, the final diagnosis was only made by immunohistochemical examination. Total surgical resection of PCPAM was associated with prolonged survival while subtotal excision was associated with frequent recurrence. Conclusion PCPAM are very rare and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all CPA lesions that appear hyperintense on T1 and isointense on T2 MRI images. Patients with PCPAM should undergo total surgical resection to avoid fatal recurrences

From Efficiency-driven to Innovation-driven Economic Growth: Perspectives from Singapore

The Singapore economy is going through a period of major restructuring. Economic stagnation since the 1997 Asia financial crisis (except for a brief recovery in 1999) has called into question the continued relevance of many fundamental policies that had worked well in the past. In 2002, a high-level Economic Review Committee (ERC) was convened by the government to chart new directions for the economy. A common thread that ran through the committee’s various reports was a call to enhance the economy’s innovative capacity, with the aim of making Singapore an innovation hub in the region.2 The call reflects an increased awareness both within and outside the government of the need to redefine Singapore’s comparative advantage through a new national innovation policy.

Gender and ethnicity differences in metacognitive skills and problem–solving ability among physics students in johor

A study on metacognitive skills in relation to problem-solving in physics among secondary school students in Johor, Malaysia is sponsored by Research Management Centre (RMC), UTM under Vot 75161. It has finally completed its data collection and a complete Technical Report is due to be published in January 2007.The study involved a survey on 1300 physics students from nine districts of Johor namely Batu Pahat, Muar, Kota Tinggi, Pontian, Johor Bahru, Segamat, Mersing, Kulai and Kluang. Two well-validated instruments on metacognitive skills and four problem-solving questions on mechanics (Fatin, 2005) were conducted among respondents selected from 9 rural schools and 15 urban schools in Johor using random cluster samplings of form four physics students. The sampling of respondents in this study did not include students from fully residential schools where the “cream� of the Malay students are mostly found. The samples comprised students from daily secondary schools (rural and urban) and premier schools (urban High Schools) in Johor. This paper forms part of the report of the short term research project and focuses only on the development of gender and ethnicity differences on metacognitive and problem-solving skills from three stages of research processes. An indepth literature review related to metacognition and physics problem-solving is discussed fully in Fatin (2005)