Analisis Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif Minyak Atsiri Dari Bunga Kamboja Putih (Plumeria acuminata W.T.Ait.) dan Bunga Kamboja Merah (Plumeria rubra L.)

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menganalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif minyak atsiri bunga kamboja putih (Plumeria acuminata W.T.Ait.) dan bunga kamboja merah (Plumeria rubra L.). Hasil uji kualitatif minyak atsiri bunga kambojaputih meliputi bentuk cair, bau khas aromatik bunga kamboja, warna kuning muda, rasa manis agak pedas, bobot jenis 0,6956 ± 0,0217, indeks bias (nD250) = 1,4788 ± 10-04 dan kadar minyak atsiri0 0,12 ± 0,02%(v/b). Minyak atsiri bunga kamboja merah memiliki bentuk cair, bau khas aromatik bunga kamboja, warna jingga kecoklatan,rasa manis agak pedas, bobot jenis 0,3844 ± 0,005, indeks bias (nD250) = 1,4197 ± 10-04 dan kadar minyak atsiri 0,09 ± 0,03%(v/b). Noda KLT masing-masing menunjukan jumlah yang sama yaitu terdapat 8 noda. Analisis KG-SM menunjukkan bahwa minyak atsiri atsiri bunga kamboja putih memiliki 19 senyawa dengan area lebih dari 1% tapi yang teranalisis didominasi oleh 5 komponen senyawa antara lain Pentakosan (5,69%), Heksakosan (4,88%), Benzil alkohol (4,35%), Tetrakosan (4,18%), dan Heptakosan (3,01%). Minyak atsiri atsiri bunga kamboja merah memiliki 17 senyawa dengan area lebih dari 1 %, 5 komponen senyawa yang mendominasi antara lain Feniletilalkohol (12,43%), Benzenasetonitril (6,30%), Pentakosan (3,48%), Tetrakosan (3,14%), dan Trikosan (2,27%). Kandungan yang sama pada kedua jenis minyak atsiri adalah Pentakosan dan Tetrakosan dalam jumlah berbeda

Affordable homeownership policy: implications for housing markets

Affordable homeownership is a policy that is often accorded a great deal of policy attention by governments of many countries. In this paper, we examine the market implications of setting a housing price to income ratio target for a market segment by the government. The policy requires active intervention by the government with regard to the targeted sector. We use a simple model of the housing market with a homeownership affordability target to derive the market implications of such targets. In the presence of uncertainty and resource constraints, the objective of homeownership affordability is achieved for the targeted group at the expense of greater volatility in residential construction activity. When the size of the targeted sector is significant in size, there are spillover price and crowding out effects on the non-targeted housing market segment. This results in political pressure on the government to expand homeownership affordability targets to increasing segments of the population. Housing price to income ratios tend to be fairly constant over time and across targeted groups, the housing supply is relatively price inelastic and the income elasticity of housing demand is less than one. The Singapore government intervenes extensively in the housing sector to ensure homeownership affordability, with a resulting homeownership rate of 91 percent for the resident population. The above hypotheses regarding the implications of setting housing price to income ratio targets are tested using the Singapore housing market. The experience and data for Singapore were found to support the above hypotheses.Affordable homeownership policy, market implications, Singapore

Affordable homeownership policy : implications for housing markets

Affordable homeownership is a policy that is often accorded a great deal of policy attention by governments of many countries. In this paper, we examine the market implications of setting a housing price to income ratio target for a market segment by the government. The policy requires active intervention by the government with regard to the targeted sector. We use a simple model of the housing market with a homeownership affordability target to derive the market implications of such targets. In the presence of uncertainty and resource constraints, the objective of homeownership affordability is achieved for the targeted group at the expense of greater volatility in residential construction activity. When the size of the targeted sector is significant in size, there are spillover price and crowding out effects on the non-targeted housing market segment. This results in political pressure on the government to expand homeownership affordability targets to increasing segments of the population. Housing price to income ratios tend to be fairly constant over time and across targeted groups, the housing supply is relatively price inelastic and the income elasticity of housing demand is less than one. The Singapore government intervenes extensively in the housing sector to ensure homeownership affordability, with a resulting homeownership rate of 91 percent for the resident population. The above hypotheses regarding the implications of setting housing price to income ratio targets are tested using the Singapore housing market. The experience and data for Singapore were found to support the above hypotheses.Affordable homeownership policy, market implications, Singapore

High Speed Pupillometry

Measuring the parameters of the pupil in the human eye has become increasingly important in customised refractive surgery and other eye care applications. High-speed and high resolution CMOS cameras can be used to study the dynamics of eyelids and their interaction with the pupil at different illumination levels. We consider the problem of measuring the pupil size from a high-speed video. In particular, we develop a novel algorithm for setting intra-lid sectors for the detection and estimation of the pupil and iris outlines from a sequence of digital images. An application of the proposed methodology to the estimation of the pupil parameters during an eye blink is given

Hybrid Inflation, Dark Energy And Dark Matter

It has been suggested that the dark energy density \rho_v ~ 10^{-12} eV^4 in the universe is associated with a metastable (false) vacuum, while the true vacuum has a vanishing cosmological constant. By including supergravity corrections we show how this is naturally realized in realistic supersymmetric hybrid inflation models. With a fundamental supersymmetry breaking scale ~ TeV, the LSP is not a suitable candidate for cold dark matter. We consider axion physics to overcome this and simultaneously provide a resolution of the MSSM \mu problem.Comment: 11 pages, no figure

Shifted genocchi polynomials operational matrix for solving fractional order stiff system

In this paper, we solve the fractional order stiff system using shifted Genocchi poly�nomials operational matrix. Different than the well known Genocchi polynomials, we shift the interval from [0, 1] to [1, 2] and name it as shifted Genocchi polynomials. Using the nice prop�erties of shifted Genocchi polynomials which inherit from classical Genocchi polynomials, the shifted Genocchi polynomials operational matrix of fractional derivative will be derived. Collo�cation scheme are used together with the operational matrix to solve some fractional order stiff system. From the numerical examples, it is obvious that only few terms of shifted Genocchi polynomials is sufficient to obtain result in high accurac

From efficiency-driven to innovation-driven economic growth : perspectives from Singapore

This paper looks at Singapore's efforts to transform the economic growth base from one that is predominantly efficiency-driven to one that is more innovation-driven. To accelerate the transition process, the government is aggressively investing in"innovation infrastructure"-systems and institutions that make the city a more conducive environment for innovations. The modus operandi, with a distinctive"winner-picking"flavor, mirrors that of its earlier strategic industrial policy in building up the manufacturing sector. It is also in sync with the new urban growth literature which argues that the success of any innovation-driven growth strategy depends on a city's ability to attract a large community of creative individuals in different fields. Innovation infrastructure building requires more than putting in the right systems. It also requires a mindset change at various levels of society. This paper looks at how the government's policy philosophy and practices have evolved over time, and discusses the effectiveness of the government-led, strategic supply-push approach in propelling Singapore onto an innovation-driven growth path. It takes into consideration the city-state's underlying comparative advantages (or disadvantages) and asks how Singapore's existing strength in efficiency infrastructure may give it a first mover advantage in attracting creative talent, how its success may be affected by the small size of the economy, and the various political and social constraints that a small sovereign city-state faces. These issues are explored against the backdrop of the keen competition among the major cities in the region to become an innovation hub.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,ICT Policy and Strategies,Agricultural Research,Banks&Banking Reform

Primary cerebellopontine angle melanocytoma: review.

Introduction Primary cerebellopontine angle melanocytomas (PCPAMs) are very rare. Their natural history and prognosis are not fully understood. We reviewed the literature and add a new case to analyze PCPAM's presentation, radiological features, and outcome of treatment. Methods We performed a literature review using Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. We searched for melanocytoma, melanoma, and pigmented tumors in the posterior cranial fossa and CPA to identify PCPAM. We have also searched our institution's neuro-oncology database. Results We identified 23 PCPAM from the literature and one case of our own. The mean age at presentation was 44.4 years with slight male preponderance. PCPAM presented with cerebellopontine angle (CPA) syndrome with or without hydrocephalus. Preoperative diagnosis was difficult; they appeared hyperintense on T1 and isointense on T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and enhanced with gadolinium. However, the final diagnosis was only made by immunohistochemical examination. Total surgical resection of PCPAM was associated with prolonged survival while subtotal excision was associated with frequent recurrence. Conclusion PCPAM are very rare and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all CPA lesions that appear hyperintense on T1 and isointense on T2 MRI images. Patients with PCPAM should undergo total surgical resection to avoid fatal recurrences